Скачать или смотреть Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM): Core Concepts

Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a linguistic theory developed primarily by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues, which posits that all human languages share a set of universal semantic primitives or primes. These primes are basic, irreducible meanings that can be used to explain the meanings of all other words and expressions in any language. The theory is grounded in the idea that these semantic primes are innate and form the foundation of all human thought and communication.

Core Concepts of NSM
Semantic Primes:
Semantic primes are universal, indivisible units of meaning present in all languages. Examples include words like "I," "you," "want," "know," "good," "bad," "big," and "small." The NSM theory identifies around 65 semantic primes that are used to construct more complex meanings.
Explications:
Explications are detailed descriptions of meanings using only semantic primes and their simple combinations. This method allows for clear and precise explanations of complex concepts without cultural bias or ambiguity.
Universality and Cross-Linguistic Applicability:
The NSM approach asserts that since semantic primes are present in all languages, the methodology can be applied universally. This universality allows for cross-linguistic comparisons and analyses that are culturally neutral.
Minimal Language:
The concept of a minimal language refers to using only the identified semantic primes to construct meanings and explanations. This minimal language provides a tool for accurate and unambiguous semantic analysis.
Applications of NSM
Cross-Cultural Communication: NSM aids in understanding and bridging cultural differences by providing a neutral framework for explaining concepts across languages.
Lexicography: NSM is used in creating dictionaries that aim for clear and culturally unbiased definitions.
Language Teaching: By focusing on universal semantic primes, NSM can help in teaching second languages through simple and universally understood concepts.
Psycholinguistics: NSM contributes to understanding how meaning is structured in the human mind and how it is universally represented across different languages.
Criticisms and Challenges
While NSM offers a promising approach to understanding and analyzing language, it is not without criticisms:

Complexity of Application: Some critics argue that the actual application of NSM can be complex and cumbersome, particularly when dealing with abstract or culturally specific concepts.
Semantic Primes Identification: The identification of semantic primes and their universality is sometimes questioned, as some concepts may not have direct equivalents in all languages.