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Sensors - prep 1-term 2 - Lesson 2-ICT 2026| الصف الأول الأعدادي لغات الدرس الثاني اجهزة الأستشعار In This Lesson :
Types of Artificial Intelligence Sensors: They are devices that sense changes in the
surrounding environment and convert them into signals so
that machines and devices can understand them and make
appropriate decisions based on them. They are considered the eyes and
ears of machines.
How do sensors work?
is a translator that translates those sensations (such as heat, light, or sound) into a
language that the computer understands, which is the language of numbers.
Sensors work through 3 main
steps:
1. Sensing: Captures information from the surrounding environment (such as heat,
light, or sound).
2. Signal Conversion: Converts this information into electrical signals that can be
read by electronic devices.
 Distance Sensors: Measure the distance between the robot and surrounding
obstacles, this helps the robot avoid collisions.
 Light Sensors: Used in robots that operate in places where light is variable,
such as home robots, these sensors help the robot adapt to changing light
conditions.
 Sound Sensors: These are used in robots that react to sounds, for
example: robots that can respond to voice commands.
 Motion Sensors: These detect movement and changes in direction. These
sensors help the robot navigate and interact with surrounding objects.
 Special Sensors: Such as temperature and humidity sensors.
Some examples of electronic devices that use sensors:
 Vacuum cleaner robot: uses sensors to avoid obstacles and clean under
furniture.
 Surgical robot: uses precise sensors to perform surgeries.
 Self-driving cars: rely heavily on sensors to see the road and make
decisions.
Types of distance sensors and examples of them:
1- Ultrasonic Sensors:
 Working principle: These devices emit highfrequency sound waves, then receive the returning
waves after they bounce off an object, and by
measuring the time it takes for the wave to return,
the distance to the object can be calculated.
 Examples:
o Vacuum cleaner robots: These devices are used to locate furniture and
obstacles to avoid colliding with them.
o Parking systems: They help measure the distance between the car and
surrounding obstacles.
o Fluid levels: They are used to measure the level of fluids in tanks and
reactors.
2-Laser Rangefinders:
 Working principle: These devices emit a laser beam and
then measure the time it takes for the beam to return after
bouncing off the object, and are characterized by high
accuracy and a longer range compared to ultrasonic
devices.
 Examples:
o 3D laser scanners: They are used to create 3D models of spaces.
o Ground scanning systems: They are used in geological and
archaeological surveys.
o Industrial measurement systems: They are used to measure dimensions
with high accuracy in various industries.
2- Visible Light Sensors:
 Working principle: These devices use digital cameras to analyze images
and determine the distance to objects based on the size and distortion of the
image.
 Examples:
o Self-driving car cameras: used to determine
the distance to other cars, pedestrians, and
traffic signals.
o Industrial vision systems: used to inspect
products and identify errors.
o Augmented reality systems: used to integrate
digital elements with the real world.
3-Infrared Sensors:
 Working principle: These devices emit infrared rays and then receive
the returning rays after they bounce off the object, widely used in
consumer electronics.
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 Examples: 
o Remote controls: Infrared rays are used to communicate with
electronic devices.
o Non-contact thermometers: Used to measure body temperature
without the need for direct contact.
4- Time of Flight sensors:
 Working principle: It depends on measuring the
time it takes for a light pulse to reach an object
and return to it, characterized by high accuracy
and high speed.
 Examples:
o 3D sensors: Used to create 3D models of
objects.
o Motion tracking systems: Used in video games and virtual reality
systems.
Daily applications of sensors:
Sensors are used daily in our lives, and the most prominent of these applications
are:
 In smartphones: There are sensors that help in taking pictures, adjusting the
lighting level, and even determining the location of the phone.
 In modern cars: Sensors are used to determine speed, warn of collisions,
and help the driver park his car.
 In smart homes: Motion sensors turn on the lights automatically when
someone enters the room.
 Phone microphone: It is a sound sensor that converts the sound you pick up