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Today, samples are collected and put through extensive tests to assess a variety of factors affecting plant growth, soil quality, pH balance, nutrient levels, and concentration of micro-organisms.As mentioned earlier, most real-life applications use a combination of sampling methods. The same is the case here. However, the most prominent sampling method used in agriculture is the cluster sampling, wherein groups are identified and then they are either systematically or randomly used as samples.

Plant analysis can give crucial insight into the kind of plants a given piece of land will support in the future. For example, a random plant analysis of a green area near a waste chemicals removal yard will clearly show that the existence of the greenery is threatened. From this, one can easily deduce that the land might become completely barren in a few years and may actually become a wasteland. Accordingly, the authorities can take measures to save the fertile land.

Plants continuously absorb minerals and other nutrients from the soil. An annual soil analysis before the next sowing can tremendously help farmers in selecting the most appropriate crop to be grown and the right fertilizer to be used, thereby bringing down the costs, reducing avoidable harmful effects of unsuitable chemicals,and increasing crop yield to the maximum. All this leads to enhanced profits in terms of resources as well as money.

By carefully studying samples of available material, scientists have discovered microorganisms thriving in the most extremes of locations, such as hot sulphur springs that have very low levels of oxygen. These studies involve a combination of cluster sampling with systematic and stratified sampling. Interestingly, the evidence supporting this discovery is so strong that the theory about all life needing oxygen for its sustenance is now being questioned.