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Computer - Networking





A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources.



Characteristics of a Computer Network



Share resources from one computer to another.

Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other computer(s) connected over the network.

Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network and let other computers of the network use the machines available over the network.


Core components of a computer network

The following building blocks -- network devices, links and communication protocols -- make computer network operations possible:

Network devices. These physical devices or nodes are the data communication equipment that is connected inside a computer network. Examples of network devices include modems, routers, PCs, servers, firewalls, switches and gateways. Each device in a computer network is identified by a network address and often has easily identifiable hostnames.

Links. A link is the transmission medium used for connecting the nodes and enabling them to transmit to each other. The links can be either wired, wireless or optical, such as an Ethernet cable or a Wi-Fi signal. The links can be configured in different ways, both physically and logically, and the network topology dictates the manner in which links and nodes relate to each other.

Communication protocols. These are the rules or protocols that all nodes on a network must follow for information transfer. Common protocols include the TCP/IP suite, IEEE 802, Ethernet, WLAN and cellular standards.

TCP/IP is a conceptual model that suggests the following four functional layers for these communication links:

Network access layer. This layer defines how the data is physically transferred through the network, as well as how hardware devices send bits through a network medium, such as coaxial, optical, fiber or twisted-pair cables.

Internet layer. This is the layer where routing takes place. It packages data into packets and enables them to be sent and received over the network. The internet layer includes IP, Address Resolution Protocol and Internet Control Message Protocol.

Transport layer. This layer ensures the stable, sequenced and error-free delivery of data packets. It achieves this by swapping acknowledgment of data reception and retransmitting lost or dropped packets. Typical protocols used at the transport layer include TCP and User Datagram Protocol.

Application layer. Security protocols, such as Transport Layer Security, operate at this layer and play an integral part in ensuring network security. This is the abstraction layer that communicates directly with applications and defines how high-level apps should access the network to start a data transfer. For example, the application layer is used to define where, when and how much data should be sent at a specific rate.



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