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Okay, let's dive deep into Maven Dependency Management and Conflict Resolution. This will be a comprehensive guide, covering the core concepts, best practices, and practical examples to help you master this crucial aspect of Maven.

*I. Introduction to Maven Dependency Management*

At its heart, Maven's dependency management system addresses the following challenges:

*Declarative Dependency Management:* Instead of manually downloading JAR files and adding them to your project's classpath, you declare your project's dependencies in the `pom.xml` file. Maven then automatically downloads and manages these dependencies.

*Transitive Dependencies:* When you declare a dependency (say, Library A), that library might itself depend on other libraries (B and C). Maven automatically resolves and includes these transitive dependencies.

*Dependency Versioning:* Maven helps you manage different versions of dependencies. You can specify exact versions, version ranges, or even allow Maven to choose the most appropriate version.

*Dependency Scope:* The scope of a dependency determines when it is available in the project lifecycle (e.g., compile time, test time, runtime).

*Dependency Conflict Resolution:* When multiple versions of the same library are required due to transitive dependencies, Maven's conflict resolution mechanism decides which version to use. This is crucial to avoid runtime errors and unpredictable behavior.

*II. Core Concepts*

1. *`pom.xml` (Project Object Model):*

The `pom.xml` file is the heart of a Maven project. It describes the project's metadata (name, version, group ID, etc.) and, most importantly, its dependencies.

Dependencies are declared within the `dependencies` element.



2. *`groupId`, `artifactId`, and `version` (GAV):*

These three elements uniquely identify a dependency. Together, they form the GAV coordinates.

`groupId`: A unique identifier for the pro ...

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