Ductile iron pipe is a pipe made of ductile cast iron commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution.[1] This type of pipe is a direct development of earlier cast iron pipe, which it has superseded.[1] The ductile iron used to manufacture the pipe is characterized by the spheroidal or nodular nature of the graphite within the iron.[2] Typically, the pipe is manufactured using centrifugal casting in metal or resin lined moulds.[3] Protective internal linings and external coatings are often applied to ductile iron pipes to inhibit corrosion: the standard internal lining is cement mortar and standard external coatings include bonded zinc, asphalt or water-based paint. In highly corrosive environments loose polyethylene sleeving (LPS) to encase the pipe may also be used. Life expectancy of unprotected ductile iron pipes depends on the corrosiveness of soil present and tends to be shorter where soil is highly corrosive.[4] However, a lifespan in excess of 100 years has been estimated for ductile iron pipelines installed using "evolved laying practices", including use of properly installed LPS (polyethylene encasement).[5][6] Studies of ductile iron pipe's environmental impact have differing findings regarding emissions and energy consumed. Ductile iron pipe manufactured in the United States has been certified as a sustainable product by the Institute for Market Transformation to Sustainability.[7][8] Section of DICL pipe (ductile iron concrete lined), commonly used for utility water mains, showing iron casing, concrete lining, and textured polymer protective coatings on the inner and outer surfaces. Ductile iron pipe is sized according to a dimensionless term known as the Pipe Size or Nominal Diameter (known by its French abbreviation, DN). This is roughly equivalent to the pipe's internal diameter in inches or millimeters. However, it is the external diameter of the pipe that is kept constant between changes in wall thickness, in order to maintain compatibility in joints and fittings. Consequently, the internal diameter varies, sometimes significantly, from its nominal size. Nominal pipe sizes vary from 3 inches up to 64 inches, in increments of at least 1 inch, in the United States. Pipe dimensions are standardised to the mutually incompatible AWWA C151 (U.S. Customary Units) in the United States, ISO 2531 / EN 545/598 (metric) in Europe, and AS/NZS 2280 (metric) in Australia and New Zealand. Although both metric, European and Australian are not compatible and pipes of identical nominal diameters have quite different dimensions. North America Pipe dimensions according to the American AWWA C-151 Pipe Size Outside Diameter [in (mm)] 3 3.96 (100.584) 4 4.80 (121.92) 6 6.90 (175.26) 8 9.05 (229.87) 10 11.10 (281.94) 12 13.20 (335.28) 14 15.30 (388.62) 16 17.40 (441.96) 18 19.50 (495.3) 20 21.60 (548.64) 24 25.80 (655.32) 30 32.00 (812.8) Europe European pipe is standardized to ISO 2531 and its descendent specifications EN 545 (potable water) and EN 598 (sewage). European pipes are sized to approximately match the internal diameter of the pipe, following internal lining, to the nominal diameter. ISO 2531 maintains dimensional compatibility with older German cast iron pipes. Older British pipes, however, which used the incompatible imperial standard, BS 78, require adapter pieces when connecting to newly installed pipe. Coincidentally, the British harmonization with European pipe standards occurred at approximately the same time as its transition to ductile iron, so almost all cast iron pipe is imperial and all ductile pipe is metric. DN Outside Diameter [mm (in)] Wall thickness [mm (in)] Class 40 K9 K10 40 56 (2.205) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 50 66 (2.598) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 60 77 (3.031) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 65 82 (3.228) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 80 98 (3.858) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 100 118 (4.646) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 125 144 (5.669) 4.8 (0.189) 6.0 (0.236) 6.0 (0.236) 150 170 (6.693) 5.0 (0.197) 6.0 (0.236) 6.5 (0.256) 200 222 (8.740) 5.4 (0.213) 6.3 (0.248) 7.0 (0.276) 250 274 (10.787) 5.8 (0.228) 6.8 (0.268) 7.5 (0.295) 300 326 (12.835) 6.2 (0.244) 7.2 (0.283) 8.0 (0.315) 350 378 (14.882) 7.0 (0.276) 7.7 (0.303) 8.5 (0.335) 400 429 (16.890) 7.8 (0.307) 8.1 (0.319) 9.0 (0.354) 450 480 (18.898) - 8.6 (0.339) 9.5 (0.374) 500 532 (20.945) - 9.0 (0.354) 10.0 (0.394) 600 635 (25.000) - 9.9 (0.390) 11.1 (0.437) 700 738 (29.055) - 10.9 (0.429) 12.0 (0.472) 800 842 (33.150) - 11.7 (0.461) 13.0 (0.512) 900 945 (37.205) - 12.9 (0.508) 14.1 (0.555) 1000 1,048 (41.260) - 13.5 (0.531) 15.0 (0.591) 1100 1,152 (45.354) - 14.4 (0.567) 16.0 (0.630) 1200 1,255 (49.409) - 15.3 (0.602) 17.0 (0.669) 1400 1,462 (57.559) - 17.1 (0.673) 19.0 (0.748) 1500 1,565 (61.614) - 18.0 (0.709)
Информация по комментариям в разработке