abstract class features in java

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certainly! an abstract class in java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is meant to be subclassed. it may contain abstract methods (methods without a body) as well as concrete methods (methods with an implementation). abstract classes are used to provide a common base for subclasses while allowing them to implement their own specific behaviors.

key features of abstract classes

1. **cannot be instantiated**: you cannot create an object of an abstract class directly.

2. **abstract methods**: an abstract class can have abstract methods, which must be implemented by any subclass.

3. **concrete methods**: an abstract class can also have concrete methods (fully implemented methods).

4. **constructor**: an abstract class can have a constructor, which can be called from the constructors of its subclasses.

5. **inheritance**: abstract classes are used to define a contract for subclasses, allowing for polymorphism.

6. **access modifiers**: abstract classes can have fields and methods with various access modifiers (private, protected, public).

example of abstract class

let’s create a simple example to illustrate the features of an abstract class in java.



explanation of the example

1. **abstract class**: we define an abstract class `animal` with an abstract method `sound()` and a concrete method `eat()`.

2. **subclasses**: we create two subclasses, `dog` and `cat`, that extend the `animal` class. each subclass provides its own implementation of the `sound()` method.

3. **instantiation**: in the `main` class, we cannot create an instance of `animal`. instead, we create instances of `dog` and `cat`, demonstrating polymorphism. both subclasses can be treated as `animal` types, allowing us to invoke the methods defined in the `animal` class.

4. **method calls**: we call the `sound()` method, which is implemented differently for each subclass, and the `eat()` method, which is inherited from the `animal` class.

conclusion

abstract classes a ...

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