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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) was a Turkish military leader, statesman, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He is widely regarded as one of the most transformative leaders in Turkish and modern world history.
Born in Thessaloniki (then part of the Ottoman Empire, now in Greece), Atatürk attended military schools and rose through the ranks of the Ottoman army. He distinguished himself as a military commander during World War I, most notably at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915–1916), where he earned widespread acclaim for his leadership and defense against Allied forces.
After the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I and the subsequent partitioning of its territories by Allied powers, Atatürk led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). He successfully rallied the nation to resist foreign occupation, culminating in the establishment of the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. Atatürk was elected the republic’s first president.
As president, Atatürk implemented sweeping reforms to modernize and secularize Turkey. These included the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate and caliphate, the adoption of a secular constitution, the introduction of the Latin alphabet, and the promotion of women's rights, including granting women the right to vote and hold public office. He emphasized education, industrialization, and cultural reform to align Turkey with Western nations.
Atatürk also introduced policies to reduce the influence of religion in public life, such as banning religious attire in government institutions and replacing Islamic courts with secular ones. His vision for Turkey, known as Kemalism, was based on six principles: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and reformism.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk died on November 10, 1938, in Istanbul, leaving behind a legacy as a revolutionary reformer and the architect of modern Turkey. While his policies remain influential, his secular and nationalist vision continues to shape debates in Turkey today. He is revered as a national hero and referred to as "Atatürk," meaning "Father of the Turks."

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