Скачать или смотреть Lanthanide | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide


00:02:22 1 Etymology
00:08:54 2 Physical properties of the elements
00:11:14 3 Chemistry and compounds
00:12:23 3.1 Effect of 4f orbitals
00:15:37 3.2 Lanthanide oxidation states
00:17:59 3.3 Separation of lanthanides
00:19:38 3.4 Coordination chemistry and catalysis
00:23:23 3.4.1 Ln(III) compounds
00:24:33 3.4.2 Ln(II) and Ln(IV) compounds
00:26:03 3.4.3 Hydrides
00:27:00 3.4.4 Halides
00:30:05 3.4.5 Oxides and hydroxides
00:32:53 3.4.6 Chalcogenides (S, Se, Te)
00:36:20 3.4.7 Pnictides (group 15)
00:38:20 3.4.8 Carbides
00:40:28 3.4.9 Borides
00:45:24 3.4.10 Organometallic compounds
00:46:23 4 Physical properties
00:46:33 4.1 Magnetic and spectroscopic
00:49:05 5 Occurrence
00:50:31 6 Applications
00:50:40 6.1 Industrial
00:53:33 6.2 Life science
00:56:09 6.3 Upcoming Medical Uses
00:59:22 7 Biological effects
01:00:15 8 See also



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SUMMARY
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The lanthanide () or lanthanoid () series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell; depending on the source, either lanthanum or lutetium is considered a d-block element, but is included due to its chemical similarities with the other 14. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.
They are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Both lanthanum and lutetium have been labeled as group 3 elements, because they have a single valence electron in the 5d shell. However, both elements are often included in discussions of the chemistry of lanthanide elements. Lanthanum is the more often omitted of the two, because its placement as a group 3 element is somewhat more common in texts and for semantic reasons: since "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but IUPAC acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.In presentations of the periodic table, the lanthanides and the actinides are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table, with placeholders or else a selected single element of each series (either lanthanum and actinium, or lutetium and lawrencium) shown in a single cell of the main table, between barium and hafnium, and radium and rutherfordium, respectively. This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the lanthanide and actinide series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods).