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Wide local excision, also known as lumpectomy, is a surgical procedure used to treat breast cancer. In this procedure, abnormal growth of tissues in the breast forms lumps. When these lumps are felt (often as masses or abnormalities), it's crucial for females to promptly seek medical evaluation. Otherwise, cancerous tissues can spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body.

Let's now look at how the procedure of wide local excision or lumpectomy is performed.

Before performing the procedure, the patient undergoes imaging tests such as a mammogram, ultrasound, or MRI to determine the location and size of the cancerous tumor. This helps the surgeon estimate how much tissue within the breast needs to be removed during surgery.

During the surgery, the patient is given either general or local anesthesia to ensure they don't feel any pain. The surgeon then makes an incision in the skin on the side of the breast where the lump is located. The size of the incision depends on the size of the tumor.

Next, the surgeon carefully removes the lump, along with a margin of healthy tissue around it. This is done to ensure that no cancerous cells are left behind in the breast. Cancerous cells or tissues have the potential to grow back and form tumors again.

After the tumor and its margins are removed, they are sent to the laboratory for assessment. The pathologists examine the removed tissue to check if there are healthy tissues along all sides of the lump. If not, it may indicate that some cancerous cells are still present in the breast, requiring additional surgery (revision surgery) to remove them. However, if the margins around the lump are clear of cancerous cells, it indicates that the tumor has been successfully removed.

After removing the lump, the surgeon closes the incision site using sutures. Sometimes, a plastic drainage tube is placed at the surgical site to drain fluids and aid in faster healing of the tissues. This tube is usually removed a few days later, after which the incision is closed with sutures.