When the Chinese Besieged a Dutch Star Fortress – The (Staggering) Siege of Zeelandia 1661/62

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On a misty morning in 1661, the cannons of the Chinese warlord Koxinga opened fire on Fort Zeelandia. This marked the beginning of a siege that pitched a Western star fortress against a determined, disciplined, and numerically superior Chinese army. The siege lasted almost a year and was characterized by hunger and disease, complex terrain, and spectacular firefights. The stakes were high, as Formosa, modern-day Taiwan, was one of the most important Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, and Koxinga desperately needed a safe base from the civil war raging on the Chinese mainland. This is how modern historiography tells the story of the staggering siege of Zeelandia.

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Bibliography
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Coyett, Frederick, [First published 1675 in 't verwaerloosde Formosa]. “Arrival and Victory of Koxinga". In Campbell, William (ed.). Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island, London 1903.