This comprehensive unit covers the intricate physiological and clinical aspects of the birthing process, beginning with the five essential factors—the passenger, passageway, powers, position, and psychological state—that determine the course of labour. It details the anatomy of the fetal skull and its ability to mould to the maternal pelvis, alongside the various fetal presentations, positions, and the seven cardinal movements required for a successful delivery. The curriculum explores the four distinct stages of labour, from initial cervical changes and dilation to the delivery of the placenta and the critical early postpartum recovery phase. Significant emphasis is placed on the nurse’s role in providing trauma-informed care and support for the family, emphasizing the benefits of upright maternal positioning and the continuous presence of support persons like doulas. Pain management is addressed through a dual lens, covering non-pharmacological techniques like patterned breathing, hydrotherapy, and cutaneous stimulation, as well as pharmacological interventions including systemic opioids and regional nerve blocks like epidurals and spinal anesthesia. Fetal health surveillance is a core component, contrasting intermittent auscultation with electronic fetal monitoring to interpret baseline heart rates, variability, and periodic changes such as accelerations and various types of decelerations. Furthermore, the unit delves into complex and high-risk situations, including the management of preterm labour using tocolytics and glucocorticoids, the challenges of maternal obesity, and the protocols for labour induction or augmentation using oxytocin and cervical ripening agents. It provides detailed guidance on operative procedures such as vacuum or forceps assistance and Caesarean births, including the criteria for a trial of labour after Caesarean (TOLAC). Finally, life-threatening obstetrical emergencies such as shoulder dystocia, umbilical cord prolapse, uterine rupture, and amniotic fluid embolism are examined, providing a roadmap for immediate intrauterine resuscitation and collaborative emergency intervention to ensure optimal outcomes for both the birthing parent and the newborn.
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