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Class 8 Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Full Chapter
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All living organisms requires energy to carry out various body processes such as growth and maintenance. This energy is obtained from food. Same type of plant, e.g. wheat that is grown and cultivated on large scale is called crop, here it is wheat crop. The practice of farming and cultivation of crop is called agriculture. We can classify crops in two cropping patterns, Kharif Crops and Rabi Crops.
Kharif Crops: The crops which are sown in rainy season are called kharif crops. In India the rainy season is from June to September. Kharif crops are: Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton etc.
Rabi Crops: The crops which are sown in winter season are called Rabi Crops. In India the winter season is from October to March. Rabi crops are: Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed.
During crop production farmers perform several activities in the farm over a period of time. These activities are called Agricultural Practices. these are (i) Preparation of soil (ii) Sowing (iii) Adding manure and fertilisers (iv) Irrigation (v) Protecting from weeds (vi) Harvesting (vii) Storage.
With the help of plough the soil is prepared by loosening and turning it. The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing. The nutrient rich organic matter present in soil is called humus. It gives black color to soil.
Agricultural Implements
Main tools used for soil preparation are the plough, hoe and cultivator.
Plough: It is made of wood or iron and usually drawn by pair of bulls or other animals. It consists of ploughshare which is a strong triangular iron tip, a plough shaft, the long log of wood, handle at one end, and beam at other end is placed on bulls’ necks.
Hoe: In order to remove weeds farmers use hoe. It consists of long rod of wood or iron and a strong, broad and bent plate of iron that works like blade. Hoe is pulled by animals.
Cultivator: Tractor driven cultivator are popular now for ploughing.
Sowing: The most important step in crop production is sowing. Putting seeds in soil so that they can grow, is called sowing. It is the most important part of crop production.
Adding Manure: Plants need nutrients for their growth. These nutrients are obtained by plants from the soil. One more method to ensure nutrients in soil is by adding manure. Manure is an organic substance which is obtained from decomposition of plant or animal wastes. Adding manure in soil is called Manuring.
Adding Fertilisers: Another way of enriching soil with nutrients is by use of fertilisers. Fertilisers are chemical substances produced in chemical factories and are rich in particular nutrient. These are used to enrich soil with nutrients. e.g. NPK contain Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium nutrients.
Crop Rotation: There is yet another very efficient way to enrich soil with nutrients. It is by crop rotation. Growing different crops alternately, one after another in the same land is called crop rotation.
Irrigation: Pulley-system, chain pump, dhekli, rahat or level system are some of the methods to bring out water from wells, lakes or canals and irrigate the land. These methods are based on cattle or human labour therefore these are cheaper however these are less efficient.
Modern Methods of Irrigation:
Sprinkler System: This system consists of vertical pipes provided with rotating nozzle on top and are joined to main pipeline at regular intervals. The pressure of water makes nozzle to rotate and water is sprinkled on the crop similar to rain.
Drip System: With this system, irrigation is done drop by drop, near the plants so that the only the part of soil where roots grow is wetted.
Protection from Weeds: In the cropland, along with desired crop many other undesirable plants grows naturally. In the field all plants, other than crop plants are called weeds. Therefore weeds must be removed from crop land. The removal of weed from crop land is called weeding.
Harvesting: The process of cutting matured crop is called harvesting. In this process, crops are pulled out or cut close to ground either by sickle or by harvester. fresh crops contain moisture, so these must be dried in sun. The separation of grain seeds from harvested crop is called threshing. It is done by thresher. Farmers with small holdings of land separated the grains and chaff by winnowing. The chaff being lighter flow with wind and fall away from the grains thus grains are separated.
To keep the agricultural produce for longer time it should be kept safe from moisture, insects, rats and microorganisms. We store it.
Like plants, some animals also provides us with different kinds of food. Cow, Buffalo, She-goat, She-camel provide milk. Fish is major part of the diet in coastal areas. The rearing and caring of animals for food and other products is called animal husbandry.