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encapsulation is one of the four fundamental object-oriented programming (oop) concepts in java, alongside inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. it refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit, typically a class. encapsulation restricts direct access to some of an object's components, which can prevent the accidental modification of data.

advantages of encapsulation

1. **control access**: by using access modifiers (public, private, protected), you can control the accessibility of class members. this means you can expose only what is necessary and hide the internal workings of the class.

2. **increased flexibility and maintenance**: encapsulated code is easier to change and maintain. if the internal implementation of a class changes, the external code that uses the class doesn't need to change, as long as the interface remains the same.

3. **improved security**: encapsulation helps in protecting the internal state of an object from unintended interference and misuse. this is particularly useful in multi-threaded environments.

4. **easier debugging and testing**: since the data is hidden, it is easier to isolate bugs and test individual components of the software.

5. **reduced complexity**: by hiding the complex implementation details and exposing only the necessary parts, encapsulation helps to reduce complexity and increases the readability of the code.

code example

here’s a simple example to demonstrate encapsulation in java:



explanation of the code:

1. **class definition**: we define a `bankaccount` class that encapsulates the properties of a bank account, specifically the account number and balance.

2. **private variables**: the variables `accountnumber` and `balance` are declared as private, which means they cannot be accessed directly outside the `bankaccount` class. this encapsulates the data.

3. **public methods**: we provide public methods like `deposit`, `withdraw`, ` ...

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