Nitration of Benzene |Sulphonation of Benzene| Nitration and Sulphonation of Benzene with Mechanism

👉Nitration occurs when one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are substituted with a nitro group (NO2). This process involves treating benzene with a combination of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, ensuring the temperature does not exceed 50°C. The mixture is maintained at this temperature for approximately 30 minutes, resulting in the formation of yellow, oily nitrobenzene.
👉Sulfonation, also referred to as sulphonation, involves the production of sulfonic acids through various methods. A key approach is the reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons with sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, or sulfur trioxide. Additionally, it can occur through the reaction of organic halides with inorganic sulfites or the oxidation of disulfides and thiols.
In the case of benzene, sulfonation occurs when it is heated with fuming sulfuric acid (a mixture of H2SO4 and SO3), resulting in the formation of benzenesulfonic acid. This reaction is reversible.

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