1st year statistics chapter no 1 all definition complete explanation

The First half of Chapter 1 in Statistics typically introduces key definitions and foundational concepts related to data collection, organization, and representation. Below are common terms and their detailed explanations:


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Population and Sample

1. Population:

Refers to the complete set of all elements (individuals, objects, or data points) that are being studied.

Example: The population of a city, all students in a school, or all manufactured products in a factory.



2. Sample:

A subset of the population selected for analysis. Sampling is done because studying the entire population may not be feasible.

Example: A survey of 500 voters from a city of 50,000 residents.





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Parameter and Statistic

1. Parameter:

A numerical summary that describes a characteristic of a population.

Example: The average height of all students in a school.



2. Statistic:

A numerical summary that describes a characteristic of a sample.

Example: The average height of students in a randomly selected class from the school.





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Types of Data

1. Qualitative Data (Categorical Data):

Non-numeric data that describes categories or characteristics.

Example: Eye color (blue, green, brown), gender, or types of vehicles.



2. Quantitative Data (Numerical Data):

Numeric data that represents quantities or amounts. It can be further divided into:

Discrete Data: Countable values (e.g., the number of books).

Continuous Data: Measurable values that can take any value within a range (e.g., weight, height).






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Levels of Measurement

1. Nominal Level:

Data is categorized without a specific order