太廟是明、清兩代的皇家祖廟,位於中國北京市中心的天安門東側。始建於明永樂十八年(1420年),嘉靖、萬曆和清順治年間曾多次重修,乾隆元年(1736年)大加修繕,歷時四年,乾隆退位前又將三進大殿及配殿全部擴建。
太廟總面積139,650平方米,平面成南北向長方形,正門為西南側太廟街門(該門現被一分為二,外部作為商店使用,不能進入),南門現在作為太廟主要遊人入口。太廟四周有三重圍牆。
太廟雖經清代改建,其規則和木石部分,大體保持原構,是北京最完整的明代建築群之一。太廟以古柏著名,樹齡大多達四百年。1924年闢為和平公園,1950年5月1日被改名為北京市勞動人民文化宮。
太廟主要建築為前殿、中殿、後殿三大殿及配殿,南端有琉璃磚門一座、大戟門一座並小戟門東西各一座,兩門之間有七座石橋。殿宇均為黃琉璃瓦頂,建築雄偉壯麗。主要建築包括:
戟門:面闊五間,進深二間,黃琉璃瓦單檐廡殿頂,屋頂起翹平緩,檐下斗栱用材碩大。漢白玉繞欄須彌座,台階九級,中飾丹陛。正門兩側各有一黃琉璃瓦單檐歇山頂的旁門,門內外原有朱漆戟架八座,共插銀鐓紅杆金龍戟120枝,1900年被入侵北京的八國聯軍全部掠走,現在見到的是仿製品。
享殿:整個太廟的主體建築,是明清兩代皇帝舉行祭祖大典 - 歲末祫祭的場所。後雖經明清兩代多次修繕,但其規制和木石部分基本保持明代原構,所有構件均用極其名貴的金絲楠木製成,是全國現存規模最大的金絲楠木建築。黃琉璃瓦重檐廡殿頂,檐下懸掛滿漢文書寫的「太廟」九龍貼金題額。面闊十一間(長68.2米),進深六間(寬30.2米),坐落在高3.46米的三層漢白玉須彌座上,殿高32.46米。殿內木構件均為名貴的金絲楠木,殿頂、天花、四柱、樑架用片金瀝粉彩畫裝飾,地面墁鋪特製的金磚。
寢殿:黃琉璃瓦單檐廡殿頂,面闊九間(長62.31米),進深四間(寬20.54米),殿高21.95米。石露台與享殿相連,漢白玉須彌座,周繞石欄,望柱交錯雕以龍鳳,台階中飾丹陛,平日供奉當朝歷代皇帝、皇后牌位,是「四孟」時享和婚喪、登極、親政、冊立、征戰等家國大事進行「告祭」的場所,
祧廟:始建於明弘治四年(1491年),黃琉璃瓦單檐廡殿頂,面闊九間(長61.99米),進深四間(寬20.33米)。漢白玉須彌座,周繞石欄,望柱交錯雕以龍鳳,台階中飾丹陛,全殿自成院落,是供奉皇帝遠祖牌位的地方。
2024年7月27日,太廟作為「北京中軸線-中國理想都城秩序的傑作」的組成部分,入選世界遺產。
來源: 維基百科
The Imperial Ancestral Temple was the royal ancestral temple in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is located on the east side of Tiananmen in the center of Beijing, China. It was first built in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420). It was rebuilt many times during the Jiajing, Wanli and Shunzhi years of the Qing Dynasty. It was significantly repaired in the first year of Qianlong (1736), which lasted four years. Before Qianlong abdicated, he added three main halls and side halls. All expanded.
The total area of the Taimiao Temple is 139,650 square meters, with a north-south rectangular plan. The main entrance is the Taimiao Street Gate on the southwest side (the gate is now divided into two, and the outside is used as a shop and cannot be entered). The south gate is now the main entrance to the Taimiao Temple. There are three walls surrounding the Ancestral Temple.
Although the Imperial Ancestral Temple was renovated in the Qing Dynasty, its rules and wood and stone parts have generally maintained their original structure. It is one of the most complete Ming Dynasty architectural complexes in Beijing. Taimiao is famous for its ancient cypress trees, which are as old as four hundred years. It was established as a Peace Park in 1924 and renamed the Beijing Working People's Cultural Palace on May 1, 1950.
The main buildings of the Imperial Ancestral Temple are the front hall, the middle hall, the back hall and the auxiliary hall. At the south end, there is a glazed brick gate, a large halberd gate and a small halberd gate on the east and west sides. There are seven stone bridges between the two gates. The palaces are all topped with yellow glazed tiles, and the buildings are majestic. Main buildings include:
Jimen: It is five rooms wide and two rooms deep. It has a single eaves verandah roof with yellow glazed tiles. The white marble Xumizuo is surrounded by railings, has nine steps, and is decorated with an elixir in the middle. There were originally eight red lacquer halberd stands inside and outside the door, with a total of 120 gold dragon halberds with silver upsetting and red poles. In 1900, they were all looted by the Eight-Power Allied Forces that invaded Beijing. Those displayed here now are replica.
Xiangdian: The main building of the entire Taimiao Temple, it was the place where the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties held the ancestor worship ceremony - the Suimo Festival. All components were made of extremely precious golden nanmu. It is the largest existing golden nanmu building in the country. It is eleven rooms wide (68.2 meters long) and six rooms deep (30.2 meters wide).
Sleeping Hall: It is nine rooms wide (62.31 meters long), four rooms deep (20.54 meters wide), and the hall is 21.95 meters high. It has a white marble Xumi pedestal, surrounded by stone railings. The pillars are intertwined with carved dragons and phoenixes. The steps are decorated with red tablets. The tablets of the emperors and queens of the dynasty are usually enshrined. They are the "Four Mencius" during weddings, funerals, and ascension. , a place where important family and state affairs such as pro-government, registration, and military campaigns are held for "sacrifice".
Ancestral Hall: First built in the 4th year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1491), it has a single-eaves verandah roof with yellow glazed tiles. It is nine rooms wide (61.99 meters long) and four rooms deep (20.33 meters wide). The white marble Xumizuo is surrounded by stone railings, the pillars are intertwined with carved dragons and phoenixes, and the steps are decorated with elixirs. The whole hall forms a courtyard of its own, where the memorial tablets of the emperor's distant ancestors are enshrined.
On 27.7.2024, the Imperial Ancestral Temple was selected as a World Heritage Site as part of the "Beijing Central Axis - a masterpiece of China's ideal capital order".
Source: Wikipedia
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