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Volcanoes are openings in the Earth's crust that allow molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from beneath the surface. They can be found on land or under the ocean and are formed due to tectonic activity.
They are powerful geological forces that have shaped our planet and continue to pose both risks and offer valuable insights into the Earth's processes.

Types of Volcanoes:
1. Active Volcanoes – Currently erupting or showing signs of activity (e.g., Mount Etna, Kilauea).

2. Dormant Volcanoes – Inactive but could erupt in the future (e.g., Mount Rainier, Mount Fuji).

3. Extinct Volcanoes – Unlikely to erupt again (e.g., Ben Nevis in Scotland).

Volcanoes are often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. They can also form over hot spots in the Earth's mantle. When plates converge, one plate can slide beneath another in a process called subduction.
The subducting plate melts, and the magma rises to the surface, forming a volcano. When plates diverge, magma rises to fill the gap, creating volcanoes, often along mid-ocean ridges.
Hot spot volcanoes form over unusually hot areas in the mantle, like the Hawaiian Islands.


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