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Noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) is a method of providing ventilatory support without inserting a tube into the airway. It’s widely used in hospitals and increasingly in home care settings to manage both acute and chronic respiratory failure. Here's a structured overview:

🩺 What Is NIV?
NIV delivers positive airway pressure through a mask or similar interface, helping patients breathe more effectively.

Avoids intubation and its complications

Preserves speech, swallowing, and cough reflexes

Can be used intermittently or continuously

🧭 Goals of NIV
Improve oxygenation and ventilation

Reduce work of breathing

Reverse respiratory muscle fatigue

Prevent intubation and its risks

📋 Common Indications
COPD exacerbations with hypercapnia

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Sleep apnea

Post-extubation support

Neuromuscular disorders (e.g., ALS, myasthenia gravis)

🚫 Contraindications
Cardiac or respiratory arrest

Inability to protect airway

Excessive secretions

Severe facial trauma or burns

Uncooperative or agitated patients

⚙️ Types of NIV
Type Description Common Use
CPAP Continuous pressure throughout breathing cycle Sleep apnea, pulmonary edema
BiPAP Two pressures: higher during inhalation (IPAP), lower during exhalation (EPAP) COPD, neuromuscular disorders
😷 Interfaces
Nasal mask: for sleep apnea

Oronasal mask: covers nose and mouth, common in acute care

Full-face mask: for mouth breathers or severe cases

Nasal pillows: minimal contact, used in CPAP

⚠️ Potential Complications
Skin breakdown from mask pressure

Eye irritation from air leaks

Gastric distension

Aspiration risk

Claustrophobia or anxiety