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How to spot fakes
The BBC's Global Disinformation Team found dozens of channels on YouTube producing this type of misleading material, in languages including Arabic, Spanish, and Thai. Many of those channels had more than a million subscribers. Their videos often receive millions of views.

The channel creators publish content rapidly, with many posting multiple videos every day. To be able to do this at such speed, the BBC journalists suspected the content creators were using generative AI programs. These are programs like Chat GPT and MidJourney that can create new content when asked to [eg. 'a black cat wearing a crown'], rather than searching the internet to find examples that already exist.

To test this theory, they took videos from each channel and used AI detection tools and expert analysis to assess the probability or likelihood that the footage, narration and script were made using AI. The BBC analysis showed that most of those videos had used AI to generate text and images, and to scrape - that is to extract information from a website, and manipulate material from real science videos. The result is content that looks factual, but is mostly untrue.

Tips to avoid being misled by disinformation

If you want to try to make sure you don't get caught out by disinformation, there a few things you can look out for.

Ask yourself:

Has this claim been reported anywhere else? Genuinely surprising new information and facts are typically shared widely and quickly which means it will have been picked up by radio, TV or in the newspapers

Have you heard of the content creator that published the video - how trustworthy are they - remember follower numbers and views don't always make someone a reliable source?

Is the video a copycat designed to look like another genuine video?

Is someone speaking in the video and do they look and sound normal or is it a computer generated voice/image?

Does the content seem believable and does it fit in with what you already know and have been taught at school?

'I enjoyed watching it'
To test whether the "bad science" videos would be recommended to children, the journalists created children's accounts on the main YouTube site. (All the children they spoke to said they used children's accounts rather than YouTube Kids.) After four days of watching legitimate science education videos, the BBC journalists were recommended the AI-made "bad science" videos too. If they clicked on them, more of the false-science channels were recommended.

As part of their experiment, the journalists then shared some of the recommended false science content to two groups of 10-12-year-olds - one in the UK and one in Thailand - to see whether the children would believe the information they were watching. One video focused on UFO and alien conspiracies, which have been widely shown to be untrue. The other video falsely claimed the Pyramids of Giza were used to create electricity.

The children were convinced: "I enjoyed watching it," said one girl, "At the beginning, I wasn't sure aliens exist, but now I think they do."

Another child was impressed by the electric pyramids: "I didn't know people so long ago would be able to make electricity to use modern technology."

Some children in the group were able to pick out AI use in the videos. "I found it quite funny that they didn't even use a human voice, I thought it wasn't human," one child said.

When the journalists then explained to the children those videos were made using AI and contained false information, they were shocked.

"I'm actually really confused. I thought it was real," said one boy. Another said: "I would've probably believed it, if you hadn't told us it was fake."

Please visit www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/13865002 for tips about what to do if you are feeling sad about what you've seen, heard or read.

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