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migrating from python 2 to python 3 can be a significant task, but it is essential for modern development, as python 2 is no longer supported (since january 1, 2020). this tutorial will cover motivations for migrating, common patterns encountered during the migration, and provide code examples to illustrate the changes.

motivators for migration

1. **end of life (eol)**: python 2 reached eol on january 1, 2020, meaning no more updates, including security patches, are provided.

2. **library support**: many libraries and frameworks have dropped support for python 2 in favor of python 3, limiting functionality and access to modern features.

3. **language improvements**: python 3 includes many enhancements, such as improved syntax, better unicode support, and new libraries.

4. **performance improvements**: python 3 has performance optimizations that can lead to faster execution of code.

5. **community and ecosystem**: the python community has largely shifted to python 3, making it easier to find support and resources.

common migration patterns

1. **print function**:
in python 2, `print` is treated as a statement. in python 3, it is a function.

*python 2:*


*python 3:*


2. **integer division**:
in python 2, dividing two integers performs floor division. in python 3, it performs true division.

*python 2:*


*python 3:*


to achieve floor division in python 3, use `//`:


3. **unicode handling**:
all strings are unicode by default in python 3.

*python 2:*


*python 3:*


to define a byte string in python 3, use a `b` prefix:


4. **iterators**:
many built-in functions that returned lists in python 2 now return iterators in python 3.

*python 2:*


*python 3:*


to convert to a list, you can use:


5. **error handling**:
the syntax for catching exceptions has changed slightly.

*python 2:*


*python 3:*


6. **input function**:
the `input ...

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Python migration
Python 2 to 3
cloud migration patterns
software modernization
legacy code upgrade
compatibility issues
performance improvements
cloud-native applications
support and maintenance
security enhancements
code refactoring
dependency management
developer productivity
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