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Mastering Codable, Encodable, and Decodable in Swift: A Comprehensive Guide

Swift's `Codable` protocol, introduced in Swift 4, is a powerful tool for simplifying the process of encoding and decoding data to and from various formats like JSON, Property Lists (Plist), and more. It combines the functionality of `Encodable` and `Decodable`, making it incredibly convenient for working with data serialization and deserialization.

This tutorial will delve into the nuances of `Codable`, `Encodable`, and `Decodable`, covering their individual roles, how to use them effectively, and advanced techniques for customization.

*1. Understanding the Protocols:*

*`Encodable`:* A protocol that allows you to transform Swift objects into external representations like JSON data. It requires your type to conform to it by implementing the `encode(to encoder: Encoder)` method. This method defines how your type's properties are converted into encoded data.

*`Decodable`:* A protocol that allows you to transform external representations like JSON data into Swift objects. It requires your type to conform to it by providing an initializer `init(from decoder: Decoder)` that handles the decoding process. This initializer is responsible for reading data from the decoder and assigning it to your object's properties.

*`Codable`:* A type alias that combines `Encodable` and `Decodable`: `typealias Codable = Encodable & Decodable`. When a type conforms to `Codable`, it means it can both be encoded into and decoded from an external representation. In essence, it's a convenient shortcut.

*2. Basic Codable Conformance:*

The simplest scenario involves conforming to `Codable` for structs and classes that have properties that are themselves `Codable` (like `String`, `Int`, `Double`, `Bool`, `Date`, `URL`, `Array`, `Dictionary`, etc.). Swift automatically synthesizes the `encode(to:)` and `init(from:)` implementations for you in these cases.



*Explanation:*

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