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⚡ Methods of Charging
In this video, we discussed all three standard methods of charging:
1️⃣ Charging by Friction
Charging by friction occurs when two neutral objects are rubbed together. During rubbing, electrons are transferred from one body to another.
Important Points:
• Only electrons are transferred (protons never move because they are tightly bound inside the nucleus).
• One object loses electrons and becomes positively charged.
• The other object gains electrons and becomes negatively charged.
• Total charge remains conserved.

When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the glass rod becomes positively charged and silk becomes negatively charged.
Why does this happen?
Because silk has a greater tendency to gain electrons compared to glass.
This method is commonly observed in daily life, like when we rub a balloon on hair and it sticks to the wall.
Limitation:
Charge produced by friction is usually small and not controllable precisely.
2️⃣ Charging by Conduction (Contact Method)
Charging by conduction occurs when a charged body is brought in direct contact with a neutral conductor.
Process:
• A charged object touches a neutral conductor.
• Electrons flow from one body to another due to potential difference.
• The neutral body acquires the same type of charge as the charged body.
Important Concept:
After contact, charge redistributes itself over the surface of the conductor.
If a negatively charged rod touches a neutral metal sphere:
• Electrons flow from rod to sphere.
• Sphere becomes negatively charged.
If a positively charged rod touches a neutral sphere:
• Electrons move from sphere to rod.
• Sphere becomes positively charged.
Key Point:
In conduction, the charged and neutral body end up having the same type of charge.
3️⃣ Charging by Induction (Without Contact)
This is the most important and conceptual method.
In charging by induction, the charged body does NOT touch the neutral conductor.
Steps:
Bring a charged rod near a neutral conductor.
Due to electrostatic force, charges inside the conductor rearrange.
One side becomes positive, the other side becomes negative (charge separation).
Earthing is done.
Remove earthing first.
Then remove the charged rod.
Result:
The conductor gets charged with opposite charge to that of the inducing body.
Important Concept:
No direct contact is required.
Example:
If a negatively charged rod is brought near a neutral sphere:
• Electrons in sphere move away.
• Near side becomes positive.
• Far side becomes negative.
• After earthing and removing the rod, sphere becomes positively charged.
Key Advantage:
• Safer method
• Controlled charging
• Used in practical electrostatic devices
⚡ Properties of Electric Charge
After understanding how charge is produced, we move towards the fundamental properties of electric charge.
These properties are extremely important for exams like Board exams, NEET, JEE, and competitive exams.
1️⃣ Additivity of Charge
Charges are scalar quantities and they add algebraically.
If a system has multiple charges:
Total charge = q₁ + q₂ + q₃ + ……
Example:
If one object has +3C and another has –2C,
Net charge = +1C
remains constant.”
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