Class (14) = Adulteration | Types of Adulteration | Different Methods of Adulteration of Crude Drugs

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Adulteration complete detail - Adulteration in Crude Drug- Types and Evaluation Parameter (Full Length) Hindi    • Adulteration in Crude Drug |Type & Ev...  

Adulteration is the practice of substituting the original drug completely or partially with another similar-looking substance The substance, which is mixed, is either free from or inferior in quality in terms of chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance which is added to the original drug is called an adulterant. Adulterants are either substandard verities of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance that is present in the original drug which decreases its quality.
Conditions of Adulteration
1. Inferiority
2. Spoilage
3. Deterioration
4. Admixture
5. Sophistication
6. Superficially similar
7. Inferior drugs
8. Spoilage

Types of Adulteration
1. Indirect/Unintentional (Accidental) Adulteration: Occurs without bad intention of the manufacturers or suppliers. Some times in the absence of proper means of evaluation, an authentic drug partially or fully devoid of the active ingredients may enter the market.
2. Intentional Adulteration or Direct Adulteration
a. Substitution with Inferior Commercial Varieties
The adulterants used resembles the original crude drug by morphological, chemical or therapeutic characters, but are substandard in nature/ inferior in quality and hence cheaper in cost. Example Japanese ginger to adulterate medicinal ginger.
b. Adulteration by Superficially Similar Looking but Inferior Natural Substance
Substitution of the original drug by superficially similar cheaper natural substance. Indian dill with European dill or caraway.
c. Substitution by exhausted drug
Same drug is used again after removing/extraction out the medicinally active constituents. Practice is most common in case of costly drug such as case volatile oil containing drug (clove and fennel). Examples are Balsam of tolu devoid of cinnamic acid. After extraction, saffron and red rose petals are recolored by artificial dyes.
d. Adulteration / Substitution by artificially manufactured substance
Substance are prepared/manufactured in such a way so that it look similar in appearance with the original drug and these artificially manufactured substance are than used for adulteration. Examples are ergot adulterated with flour dough molded in correct size, Artificial invert sugar for honey.
e. Usage or presence of vegetative matter from the same plant
Adulteration due to the presence of vegetative matter from the same plant due to the faulty collection or intentionally adding excessive vegetative matter from the same plant. Excessive amount of stem in Senna, mosses, liver worts and lichens growing on bark are mixed with the cinchona or cascara
f. Adulteration by the addition worthless heavy material/toxic material
Drugs are also adulterated by the addition of worthless heavy material or the material that would be toxic in nature. Piece of lime stone in Asafoetida, Mentanil Yellow in Turmeric powder,
g. Addition of synthetic principles
Using synthetic drugs/chemicals are used to enhance natural character, market and therapeutic value. Examples, Citral are added to citrus oils (like lemon oil and orange oil)
h. Adulteration of Powders
Adulterants used are generally powdered waste products of a suitable color and density. Examples: Olive stones in powdered Gentian, Liquorice or Pepper, Brick powder in barks,

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