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Cleopatra VII Philopator (69–30 BCE) was the last active ruler of Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom. Renowned for her intelligence, charisma, and political acumen, she was the only Ptolemaic monarch fluent in the Egyptian language.

Ascending to the throne after her father's death in 51 BCE, Cleopatra initially co-ruled with her brother Ptolemy XIII. Their alliance deteriorated, leading to a civil war. During this tumultuous period, Cleopatra formed a liaison with Julius Caesar, resulting in the birth of their son, Ptolemy XV, known as Caesarion.

Following Caesar's assassination, Cleopatra aligned with Mark Antony. Their partnership, both romantic and political, produced three children. However, their union incited the ire of Rome, culminating in a conflict with Octavian. After their defeat at the Battle of Actium, Antony and Cleopatra retreated to Egypt. Facing inevitable capture, Cleopatra took her own life in 30 BCE, traditionally believed to be by asp bite.

Cleopatra's demise marked the end of both her dynasty and Egypt's status as an autonomous kingdom, ushering in its annexation by the Roman Empire.