Скачать или смотреть Communicating in a noisy and changing sea

Francis Juanes, Liber Ero Professor of Fisheries, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Canada.
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Sound is a fundamental component of the sensory environment of many aquatic animals.  The underwater soundscape, the spatial, temporal and frequency attributes of ambient sound and the sources contributing to the sound field, is composed of three elements: the geophony, or sounds from physical processes; the biophony, or sounds from biological sources, and the anthrophony, or sounds produced by human activity. The biophony is the most pervasive and variable, but least well-understood component of the soundscape. Many animals produce sound, either as forms of communication, or as byproducts of other behaviours.  The biophony can help us to monitor, count, and quantify behaviours of soniferous species in an ecosystem in a non-destructive and non-visual manner. As the world has got noisier, the range and intensity of underwater anthropogenic noise continues to increase and can lead to physiological and behavioural changes. Noise pollution can also mask environmental cues, vocalizations, or dampen the ability to hear conspecifics, prey or predators. Here, I will review the geographic and taxonomic distribution of fish sounds globally and then examine, using various case studies, how noise transforms marine ecosystems and its ecological consequences. I will conclude with applications of acoustic monitoring for management, and the possibility of mitigating the impacts of noise pollution through habitat conservation leading to the development of underwater noise regulation.