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understanding aggregation in java

aggregation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that describes a "has-a" relationship between two classes. it indicates that one class (the whole) contains or is composed of another class (the part), but the part can exist independently of the whole. in java, aggregation is represented using references to other objects.

key characteristics of aggregation:
1. **has-a relationship**: it implies that one class contains another.
2. **independent lifecycle**: the contained object can exist independently of the container object.
3. **composition vs. aggregation**: while both represent relationships, composition implies a stronger relationship where the part cannot exist independently of the whole.

example of aggregation in java

to illustrate aggregation, consider a scenario where we have a `library` class that contains multiple `book` objects. each `book` can exist independently of the `library`, which exemplifies aggregation.

step-by-step example

1. **define the `book` class**: this class will represent the individual books.



2. **define the `library` class**: this class will contain a list of `book` objects.



3. **demonstrate aggregation in action**: create instances of `book` and add them to a `library`.



explanation of the code

**book class**: represents individual books with attributes like `title` and `author`. it has getter methods and a `tostring` method for easy output.
**library class**: contains a name and a list of `book` objects. it provides methods to add books and retrieve the list of books.
**main class**: in the `main` method, we instantiate books and a library, demonstrating how books can be added to the library and how they can exist independently.

output

when you run the program, the output will look like this:



conclusion

aggregation in java allows for building complex data structures while keeping the parts and the whole loosely coupled. this makes the design more fl ...

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