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Nipah Virus Explained – Symptoms, Spread, and Scientific Facts | Basic Science Series
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1. What is Nipah Virus?
• Nipah virus is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family.
• It can infect both animals and humans, causing severe and often fatal illnesses.
• The virus primarily affects the brain (encephalitis) and lungs (respiratory distress).
• It is classified as a BSL-4 pathogen, indicating it requires the highest level of biocontainment due to its high mortality and lack of treatment.
2. Origin and Natural Hosts:
• The natural reservoir of Nipah virus is the fruit bat, specifically of the genus Pteropus.
• These bats carry the virus asymptomatically and shed it through saliva, urine, and feces.
• The virus often spills over to humans through:
o Contaminated fruits or raw date palm sap
o Direct or indirect contact with infected pigs or people
• Nipah is an example of zoonosis—a disease that originates in animals but can infect humans.
3. Transmission Pathways:
• The virus enters the human body through mucous membranes—the eyes, nose, or mouth.
• Human-to-human transmission has been confirmed, particularly in India and Bangladesh.
• Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections are common during outbreaks.
• Though it does not spread as easily as influenza, it has a very high case fatality rate, sometimes exceeding 70%.
4. Clinical Symptoms:
• Incubation period: 5–14 days
• Early symptoms:
o Fever, headache, body aches
o Vomiting, sore throat
• Progression may include:
o Confusion, dizziness, neurological symptoms
o Seizures and coma in severe cases
o Acute encephalitis (brain inflammation)
o Respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and pneumonia
5. Diagnosis:
• Nipah virus is diagnosed through specialized lab tests:
o RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) for detecting viral RNA
o ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) to detect antibodies
• Due to the virus’s high risk, samples must be handled in BSL-4 laboratories
• Virus isolation and histopathology are used for research but not routine diagnostics
6. Treatment and Prevention:
• Currently, there is no approved antiviral drug or vaccine for Nipah virus.
• Supportive care is the main treatment, including:
o Intravenous fluids
o Oxygen therapy
o Seizure control and intensive neurological monitoring
• Experimental treatments like monoclonal antibodies (m102.4) and several vaccine candidates are in preclinical or early clinical trial phases.
• Prevention focuses on:
o Avoiding raw palm sap and bat-contaminated fruits
o Reducing contact with infected animals
o Strict infection control in healthcare settings

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