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The Alexandrine War: Power Struggles in Egypt
This chapter covers the intense conflict known as the Alexandrine War, a civil war in Egypt that erupted after Cleopatra’s return to power with the support of Julius Caesar.

Key Highlights:
Caesar’s Arrival in Alexandria: Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt in 48 BCE, initially to settle the dispute between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII. However, his presence quickly escalated tensions.

Siege of the Palace: After Caesar declared Cleopatra and Ptolemy should rule jointly, Ptolemy’s advisors rebelled. Caesar and Cleopatra were besieged in the royal palace by Ptolemy’s forces.

Naval Battles and Reinforcements: The war included fierce naval battles in Alexandria’s harbor. Caesar’s reinforcements eventually arrived, tipping the balance in his favor.

Destruction of the Library: During the fighting, parts of the Great Library of Alexandria were accidentally burned—one of history’s great cultural losses.

Death of Ptolemy XIII: As Caesar’s forces gained the upper hand, Ptolemy XIII attempted to flee but drowned in the Nile. This marked the end of the civil war.

Cleopatra’s Victory: Cleopatra was restored to the throne, now co-ruling with her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, though she held the real power. Her alliance with Caesar was now firmly established.