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Error And It's Types

Measurements are an integral part of living; we measure time, measure steps walked to know the calories burnt, measure the materials added for cooking, and measure the size of clothes to know whether it fits perfectly. Sometimes we fail to know the exact measurement, and the values vary, leading to errors. In this article, let us learn about measurement, errors in measurement, types of errors and how to avoid the errors.
Systematic Errors:
Systematic errors can be better understood if we divide them into subgroups; They are:

Environmental Errors
Observational Errors
Instrumental Errors
Environmental Errors: This type of error arises in the measurement due to the effect of the external conditions on the measurement. The external condition includes temperature, pressure, and humidity and can also include an external magnetic field. If you measure your temperature under the armpits and during the measurement, if the electricity goes out and the room gets hot, it will affect your body temperature, affecting the reading.

Observational Errors: These are the errors that arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus, or an individual’s carelessness in taking observations. The measurement errors also include wrong readings due to Parallax errors.

Instrumental Errors: These errors arise due to faulty construction and calibration of the measuring instruments. Such errors arise due to the hysteresis of the equipment or due to friction. Lots of the time, the equipment being used is faulty due to misuse or neglect, which changes the reading of the equipment. The zero error is a very common type of error. This error is common in devices like Vernier callipers and screw gauges. The zero error can be either positive or negative. Sometimes the scale readings are worn off, which can also lead to a bad reading.

Instrumental error takes place due to :

An inherent constraint of devices
Misuse of Apparatus
Effect of Loading

Errors Calculation
Different measures of errors include:

Absolute Error
The difference between the measured value of a quantity and its actual value gives the absolute error. It is the variation between the actual values and measured values. It is given by

Absolute error = |VA-VE|

Percent Error
It is another way of expressing the error in measurement. This calculation allows us to gauge how accurate a measured value is with respect to the true value. Per cent error is given by the formula

Percentage error (%) = (VA-VE) / VE) x 100

Relative Error
The ratio of the absolute error to the accepted measurement gives the relative error. The relative error is given by the formula:

Relative Error = Absolute error / Actual value.


How To Reduce Errors In Measurement
Keeping an eye on the procedure and following the below listed points can help to reduce the error.

Make sure the formulas used for measurement are correct.
Cross check the measured value of a quantity for improved accuracy.
Use the instrument that has the highest precision.
It is suggested to pilot test measuring instruments for better accuracy.
Use multiple measures for the same construct.
Note the measurements under controlled conditions.


Methods of Minimizing Errors
Proper calibration of instruments, apparatus and applying corrections.
Improve experimentation techniques
Before starting any experiments, adjust the instrument to zero.
Take the measurements carefully.
The surrounding environment where the experiment is being carried out can also cause an error.
Enroll for Measurement Practice Course here!

Application of Errors in Arithmetic Operations
Error Due To Sum/Difference
Suppose we are calculating a problem which has two quantities A and B and their measured values are expected to be around A ± ΔA and B ± ΔB respectively, where ΔA and ΔB are the absolute error of A and B respectively.

Now we wish to find the expected value (i.e., Z + ΔZ) when these physical quantities are added. Here, ΔZ is the net absolute error.

Thus, the ideal equation when we add two physical quantities can be expressed as

Z= A+B.

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