How Penicillin Works: The Science Behind Antibiotic Penicillin

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This video is based on the following questions and their answers.

Question: Penicillin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria. Penicillin prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the polymer that is needed to make new cell walls in bacteria. It can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans. Some bacteria are able to produce the enzyme penicillinase. This hydrolyses or breakdowns penicillin so that it is no longer effective. Penicillin and clavulanic acid are similar in molecular shape. If clavulanic acid is given to a patient with penicillin, the penicillin is effective at killing bacteria that produce penicillinase. Explain why?
Answer: Clavulanic acid is a competitive enzyme inhibitor which fits into active site of penicillinase enzyme to inhibit the enzyme. As a result penicillin remain stable and actively stops cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan that is needed to make new cell walls in bacteria.

Question: Penicillin prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the polymer that is needed to make new cell walls in bacteria.
(1) Penicillin stops new cell walls forming but does not affect old cell walls. Explain why?
(2) Penicillin does not damage human cells. Explain why?
Answer: (1) Its stops crossing linking of peptides in peptidoglycans which are synthesized during cell wall formation. It cannot affect a cell wall with peptidoglycan already formed.
(2) Human cells do not have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycans.


Short Introduction to the Video:
Discover the fascinating science behind penicillin in our latest explainer video, "How Penicillin Works: The Science Behind Penicillin." This 3-minute journey delves into the crucial role penicillin plays in battling bacterial infections by preventing the formation of new cell walls through the disruption of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Learn about how penicillinase, an enzyme, can undermine its effectiveness and how the introduction of clavulanic acid can restore its power against resistant bacteria. We’ll also explore why penicillin is safe for humans, thanks to the absence of peptidoglycan in our own cells. Watch now to unlock the secrets of antibiotic - Penicillin!

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These videos are for short introduction to the subjects. They contain some extra information for general viewers, teachers, professors etc. All these information in these videos are based on latest reseach articles and books by various experts in the field. I did completed my B.Sc. Honours in Zoology from University of Calcutta in 2011. I did completed M.Sc. 1st year from Vidysagar University in 2014. I hope these will help students and curious general people as well. Thank you.