Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction Made Easy Immunolgy

Type II hypersensitivity is an antibody-dependent process in which specific antibodies bind to antigens, resulting in tissue damage or destruction.

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Type II hypersensitivity is mediated by IgM or IgG targeting membrane-associated antigens. A sensitization phase leads to production of antibodies that recognize substances or metabolites that accumulate in cellular membrane structures. In the effector phase, target cells become coated with antibodies, a process termed opsonization, which leads to cellular destruction by three mechanisms: (1) phagocytosis, (2) complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and (3) ADCC.

The most common cause of type II reactions are medications including penicillins, cephalosporins, hydrochlorothiazide, and methyldopa, which become associated with red blood cells or platelets leading to anemia and thrombocytopenia