Evolution of EIA & Environmental Clearance in India: A Comprehensive Guide हिंदी में

Evolution of EIA & Environmental Clearance in India: A Comprehensive Guide हिंदी में #eia2020
History of EIA
EIAs began to be used in the 1960s as part of a rational decision making process.
EIA was initiated in the US under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1969. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970. Today , EIA is a formal process in more than 100 countries
History of EIA & Environmental Clearance (EC) in India
1976-77: ( EIA initiated)
In 1976-77 the Planning Commission asked the Department of Science and Technology to examine the river-valley projects from an environmental angle & to cover other developmental sectors such as industries, thermal power projects, mining schemes etc.
A beginning  in this direction was made with the impact assessment of river valley projects in 1978-79 and the scope has subsequently been enhanced to cover other developmental sectors such as industries, thermal power projects, mining schemes etc.
To facilitate collection of environmental data and preparation of management plans, guidelines have been evolved and circulated to the concerned Central and State Government Departments.
EIA has now been made mandatory under the Environmental (Protection Act, 1986 for 29 categories of developmental activities involving investments of Rs. 50 crores and above.)
Till 1994, Environmental Clearance from the Central Government was an administrative decision and lacked legislative support.
1994 : ( EIA Notifcation:1994)
Union Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, promulgated EIA notification making EC mandatory for expansion or modernization of any activity or for setting up new projects listed in Schedule 1 of the notification which have been amended more than 12 time.
2006: ( EIA Notifcation:2006)
The MoEF notified EIA legislation on 14th September 2006 . The notification makes it mandatory for various projects to get environment clearance as per provision in Notification.
2020: ( Draft EIA Notification: 2020)
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2020 on https://moef.gov.in/.
What is Environment Clearance?
Environmental Clearance is referred to as a procedure that involves obtaining government clearance for certain projects to be developed, or even to modify or to install various projects.
It is mandatory to first get government clearance for projects that can cause high damage to the environment, or cause high environmental pollution of any type.
Objectives:
To impose certain restrictions and prohibitions on some projects or activities and expansion and modernization of existing capacity of projects/activities
To seek public consultation from stakeholders
To incorporate necessary environmental safeguards by assessing the impacts at planning stage itself through transparent process involving consultation of public and relevant experts
Requirement of EC:
All new projects/activities listed in Schedule
Expansion and modernization of existing projects/activities that cross the threshold limits given in schedule
Any change in product mix in an existing manufacturing unit in schedule beyond the specified range.
Formation of Expert Appraisal Committees (EAC) & State Expert Appraisal Committees (SEAC)
To ensure multi-disciplinary input required for environmental appraisal of development projects. The EAC and the SEAC at the State or the UT level be constituted by the Central Government for following sectors
Mining Projects
Industrial Projects
Thermal Power Projects
River Valley, Multipurpose, Irrigation Projects
Infrastructure Development and Miscellaneous Projects
Nuclear Power Projects
Stages in the Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) Process for New Projects: (As per EIA Notification 2006)
Screening (Only for Category ‘B’ projects and activities for Category ‘A’ EIA is mandatory)
Scoping
Public Consultation
Appraisal
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