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Law of Segregation and Test Cross || Complete Information-FSC Biology

Law of Segregation + Monohybrid Cross + Test Cross

Law of Segregation (Mendel’s First Law)
-What it says:Each diploid organism has two alleles for a trait (one from each parent). During gamete formation these alleles seperates (segregate) so each gamete carries only one allele.
Why it matters?It explains why offspring aren’t a blend of parents but get distinct versions of a trait.
Monohybrid Cross
Cross two true‑breeding (homozygous) parents that differ in one trait.
Example: Tall (TT) × Dwarf (tt) pea plants.
F₁ Generation:All offspring are Tt (heterozygous) → they show the dominant phenotype (tall).
-F₂ Generation:Self‑fertilize the F₁ (Tt × Tt).
-Genotypic ratio:1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt
-Phenotypic ratio:3 tall : 1 dwarf

Visual cue: Draw a classic 2 × 2 Punnett square to show the segregation of T/t alleles.
Test Cross
Purpose:Determine the genotype of an individual showing the dominant phenotype (could be homozygous or heterozygous).
-How:Cross the unknown individual with a homozygous recessive partner.
If the unknown is TT,all offspring show the dominant phenotype.
If the unknown is Tt,offspring split ~1:1 (dominant : recessive).
Result: The offspring’s phenotypes instantly reveal the hidden genotype.
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