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The Gare d’Orsay train station was constructed in time for the 1900 Exposition Universelle. It became the terminus for the railroads leading into Paris from southwestern France until 1939.

After 1939, the station’s short platforms became unsuitable for longer trains that were employed for mainland services. The station was used for suburban services and became a mailing centre during World War II. In 1970, permission was granted to demolish the structure. Jacques Duane, Minister for Cultural Affairs ruled against the plans and instead sanctioned the construction of a hotel on the grounds. The hotel never materialized.

President George Pompidou in one of his final acts before his unforeseen death in 1974, commissioned a study to create a museum at the location. The aim was to bridge the gap between the Louvre and impending contemporary art museum (later named after him). The study identified the former train building as an ideal venue site. Artwork displayed would be focused on the mid 19th century through pre-World War I years.

Heavy emphasis was oriented towards displaying post-impressionist French artists Bonnard, Maillol, Degas, Courbet, Cezanne, Daumier, Pissarro, Renoir, and Corot. Additionally sculptural works, furniture and photography would be featured. Many of the works had been previously housed inside the Jeu de Paume gallery. The museum would successfully open in 1986.