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Crystals in Urine under Microscope | Crystals in Urine Identification | Crystals in Acidic Urine

In a urine complete examination, crystals can be identified under a microscope and their presence can provide valuable information about the urine's chemical environment and potential health issues. Here's a detailed overview of crystals found in urine:
Crystals in Acidic Urine : -
1__ Uric Acid Crystals
Appearance: Rhomboid or needle-shaped, can appear as yellow or brown.
Conditions Associated: Gout, high purine intake, or conditions causing increased uric acid levels.
2-- Calcium Oxalate Crystals (Dihydrate)
Appearance: Envelope or two-dimensional shapes.
Conditions Associated: Kidney stones, high oxalate intake, or hypercalciuria.
3-- Calcium Oxalate Crystals (Monohydrate)
Appearance: Dumbbell-shaped or oval with one end pointed.
Conditions Associated: Kidney stones, often seen with high oxalate levels.
4-- Cystine Crystals
Appearance: Hexagonal.
Conditions Associated: Cystinuria, a genetic disorder affecting amino acid transport.

Crystals in Alkaline Urine:-
1-- Struvite Crystals
Appearance: Coffin-lid shaped or rectangular.
Conditions Associated: Often associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by urease-producing bacteria.
2-- Calcium Phosphate Crystals
Appearance: Wedge-shaped or rosette forms.
Conditions Associated: Seen in metabolic conditions affecting calcium and phosphate balance, or as a result of alkaline urine.
3-- Ammonium Biurate Crystals
Appearance: Thorny apple or spiculated appearance.
Conditions Associated: May be seen in chronic UTI or severe renal damage.

Types of Crystals and Their Names : --
Uric Acid Crystals
Variants: Uric acid, urate crystals.
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
Variants: Dihydrate (common form), Monohydrate (less common).
Cystine Crystals
Variants: Hexagonal crystals.
Struvite Crystals
Variants: Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals.
Calcium Phosphate Crystals
Variants: Hydroxyapatite, brushite.
Ammonium Biurate Crystals
Variants: Thorny apple crystals.

Diagnostic Considerations:--
Urine pH:- The type of crystals can be influenced by the urine pH. Acidic urine tends to favor uric acid and calcium oxalate crystals, while alkaline urine is more conducive to struvite and calcium phosphate crystals.
Diet and Medications:-- Dietary habits and certain medications can influence crystal formation. For example, high purine intake can increase uric acid crystals, and certain medications can affect urine pH.
Hydration Status:-- Dehydration can lead to higher concentration of crystals and formation of stones.

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