Скачать или смотреть What is String theory and Superstring theory

We live in an astonishingly complex universe. Human beings are curious by nature, and again and again, we have asked ourselves — why are we here? Where we come from, and where the world comes from? What is the world made of? We are privileged to live in a time when we have come close to some of the answers. String theory is our most recent attempt to answer the last of these questions.

So what is the world made of ?.

Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, which in turn are made up of only three basic components: electrons spinning around a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons. The electron is really a fundamental particle (it belongs to a family of particles called leptons); But neutrons and protons are made of smaller particles, called quarks. The quarks, as far as we know, are really elementary.

The sum of our current knowledge about the subatomic composition of the universe is known as the standard model of particle physics. This describes both the fundamental “bricks” of which the world is constituted and the forces through which these bricks interact. There are twelve basic “bricks”. Six of them are quarks — and they have curious names: up, down, charm, strange, bottom and top. (A proton, for example, consists of two quarks above and one below.) The other six are leptons — these include the electron and his two heaviest brothers, the muon and the three neutrinos as well tauón

There are four fundamental forces in the universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong interactions. Each of these is produced by fundamental particles that act as carriers of force. The most familiar example is the photon, a particle of light, which is the mediator of electromagnetic forces. (This means that, for example, when a magnet attracts a nail, it is because both objects are exchanging photons.) The graviton is the particle associated with gravity. The strong interaction is produced by eight particles known as gluons. (I prefer to call “Pegamoides”!) The weak interaction finally is transmitted by three particles, bosons W +, W-, and Z.

Now let's talk about the Superstring theory.

The superstring theory is a theoretical diagram to explain all the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory that models the particles and physical fields as vibrations thin supersymmetric strings move in space-time of more than 4 dimensions.

One of the motivations used by superstring theorists is that the scheme is one of the best candidate theories to formulate a quantum theory of gravity. The superstring theory may be a shorthand of the supersymmetric string theory as a result of, unlike bosonic string theory, this is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.

The superstring theory comprises five theories or alternative formulations of string theories, combined in which supersymmetry requirements have been introduced

The fundamental idea is that the reality is strings that vibrate in resonance at a frequency of the Planck length and where the graviton would be a spin 2 and null mass.

Recently it has been possible to prove that several of these formulations are equivalent and after all of them there could be a unified theory or theory of everything. The five existing theories are no more than the individual case limit of this unified theory, provisionally known as M – theory. This M theory attempts to explain all existing subatomic particles at the same time and unify the four fundamental forces of nature. It defines the universe formed by a multitude of vibrant strings since it is a version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.

The main problem of current physics is to be able to incorporate the force of gravity as explained by the theory of general relativity to the rest of the already unified physical forces. The superstring theory would be a method of unifying these theories. The theory is far from being finished and profiled, since there are many undefined variables, so there are several versions of it.

The underlying problem in theoretical physics is to harmonize the theory of general relativity, where gravitation and large-scale structures ( stars, galaxies, clusters ) are described, with quantum mechanics, where the other three fundamental forces that are described are described. They act at the atomic level.

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