Скачать или смотреть Type 2 Diabetesରେ Polygenic ଭୂମିକା

Why Type 2 Diabetes Is a Polygenic Disorder
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide and is widely recognized as a polygenic disorder. A polygenic disorder is a condition that results from the combined effect of multiple genes rather than a mutation in a single gene. In the case of Type 2 diabetes, several genetic factors interact with environmental and lifestyle influences to cause the disease.Unlike monogenic forms of diabetes, where a single defective gene directly leads to the condition, Type 2 diabetes develops due to the involvement of many genes, each contributing a small effect. These genes are mainly responsible for regulating insulin production, insulin secretion, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity in body tissues. When multiple such genes are altered or function less effectively, the body’s ability to maintain normal blood glucose levels becomes impaired.One of the key features of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, a condition in which body cells such as muscle, liver, and fat cells do not respond properly to insulin. Certain genes increase the likelihood of insulin resistance by affecting insulin receptors or post-receptor signaling pathways. As a result, glucose is not efficiently taken up by cells, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Another important aspect is reduced insulin secretion. Some genes influence the functioning of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. In individuals with a genetic predisposition, prolonged insulin resistance puts stress on these beta cells. Over time, their ability to produce sufficient insulin declines, further worsening hyperglycemia.Type 2 diabetes is also strongly influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors, which explains why not everyone with genetic susceptibility develops the disease. Factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, excessive calorie intake, stress, and aging play a crucial role in triggering the condition. These factors interact with multiple genes, increasing the risk of disease expression. This gene–environment interaction is a hallmark of polygenic disorders.Family history provides strong evidence for the polygenic nature of Type 2 diabetes. Individuals with diabetic parents or siblings have a significantly higher risk of developing the disease compared to those without a family history. However, the inheritance pattern does not follow simple Mendelian rules, further supporting the idea that multiple genes are involved.
In conclusion, Type 2 diabetes is considered a polygenic disorder because it results from the combined influence of many genes along with environmental and lifestyle factors. No single gene is solely responsible for the disease. Instead, the cumulative effect of multiple genetic variations increases susceptibility, while external factors determine whether and when the disease develops. Understanding the polygenic nature of Type 2 diabetes helps in early risk assessment, prevention strategies, and personalized treatment approaches.

Type 2 Diabetes କାହିଁକି ଏକ Polygenic Disorder?

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ଓ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜୀବନଶୈଳୀ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ରୋଗ ଅଟେ। ଏହାକୁ polygenic disorder କୁହାଯାଏ କାରଣ ଏହି ରୋଗ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ gene ଦ୍ୱାରା ନୁହେଁ, ବରଂ ଅନେକ gene ର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଓ ପରିବେଶୀୟ କାରଣ ମିଶି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ।
Polygenic disorder ର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ଏମିତି ରୋଗ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଅନେକ gene ର ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଏକାଠି ହୋଇ ରୋଗ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ। Type 2 Diabetes ରେ insulin ତିଆରି, insulin ର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ଷମତା ଓ glucose metabolism ସହ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ ଅନେକ gene ଜଡିତ ଥାଏ। ଏହି gene ଗୁଡିକ ଠିକ୍ ଭାବେ କାମ ନ କରିଲେ ଶରୀରରେ ରକ୍ତ ଶର୍କରା ମାତ୍ରା ବଢ଼ିଯାଏ।Type 2 Diabetes ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାରଣ ହେଉଛି insulin resistance। ଏହି ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଶରୀରର କୋଷଗୁଡିକ insulin କୁ ଠିକ୍ ଭାବେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିପାରେ ନାହିଁ। କିଛି gene insulin receptor ଓ ସେଥିରେ ଜଡିତ signaling pathway କୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରି insulin resistance ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ। ଫଳରେ glucose କୋଷମାନଙ୍କ ଭିତରକୁ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିପାରେ ନାହିଁ ଓ ରକ୍ତରେ ଜମା ହୋଇଯାଏ।
ଏହା ସହିତ pancreas ର beta cell ଗୁଡିକ ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମଗତ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଥାଏ। କିଛି gene beta cell ର insulin ଉତ୍ପାଦନ କ୍ଷମତାକୁ କମାଇ ଦିଏ। ଦୀର୍ଘ ସମୟ ଧରି insulin resistance ରହିଲେ beta cell ଥକିଯାଏ ଓ insulin ତିଆରି କମିଯାଏ, ଯାହା Type 2 Diabetes କୁ ଆହୁରି ଗୁରୁତର କରେ।
Type 2 Diabetes ରେ ଜୀବନଶୈଳୀ ଓ ପରିବେଶୀୟ କାରଣ ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭୂମିକା ନିଭାଏ। ଅଧିକ ତେଲ-ମସଲା ଭୋଜନ, ଶାରୀରିକ କ୍ରିୟାର ଅଭାବ, ମୋଟାପା, ଅଧିକ ମାନସିକ ଚାପ ଓ ବୟସ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଭଳି କାରଣ gene ସହ ମିଶି ରୋଗକୁ ଉତ୍ପ୍ରେରିତ କରେ। ଏହି gene–environment interaction ହିଁ polygenic disorder ର ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଲକ୍ଷଣ।
ପରିବାରରେ Type 2 Diabetes ଥିଲେ ଅନ୍ୟ ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ ଏହି ରୋଗ ହେବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ଅଧିକ ଥାଏ। କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା Mendelian inheritance ନୀତିକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରେ ନାହିଁ, ଯାହା ଏହାର polygenic ସ୍ୱଭାବକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରେ।
ସାରକଥାରେ, Type 2 Diabetes ଏକ polygenic disorder କାରଣ ଏହା ଅନେକ gene ଓ ଜୀବନଶୈଳୀର ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ପ୍ରଭାବରେ ହୁଏ। ଏହି ସ୍ୱଭାବକୁ ବୁଝିଲେ ରୋଗ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ, ସମୟପୂର୍ବକ ଚିହ୍ନଟ ଓ ଭଲ ଚିକିତ୍ସା ସମ୍ଭବ ହୁଏ।