Protein Structures: Globular and Fibrous Proteins | A Level Biology | OCR, AQA, Edexcel

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Within the different levels of protein structures, there are different subtypes of proteins. We can classify most 3D proteins (i.e. proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures) into globular and fibrous proteins.

Globular proteins are round structures. Like their name, globular proteins have a round, spherical formation. This is because the hydrophobic parts of the protein fold inwards while the hydrophilic parts become arranged around the external surface.

Globular proteins are water soluble. As only the hydrophilic components of the protein are on the outer surface, globular proteins are soluble in water.

Due to their round shape and soluble nature, globular proteins play a wide variety of vital metabolic roles in the human body. The following types of proteins are usually globular proteins:

Enzymes. All enzymes are globular proteins as their round shape can be altered appropriately to fit their target sites with high specificity. Examples include digestive enzymes such as amylase, pepsin, and lipase which break down starch, protein, and fats respectively.

Transport proteins. Due to their soluble nature, globular proteins function well as transport proteins as they can cross cell membranes. An example is haemoglobin, which transports oxygen.

Messengers proteins. Their solubility also makes globular proteins suitable as messenger proteins, otherwise known as hormones. They regulate the body’s metabolic processes. An example would be insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

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