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Firstly, around the equator, sunrays hit the ground at a 90-degree angle. Hence, more solar energy falls per unit area, thus making equator hot. However, near the poles, since sunrays hit the ground at a lower angle, the rays spread, causing less energy to fall per unit area, thus making poles cooler.

Secondly, due to the earth’s axial tilt, poles don’t receive sunlight for many months during the year, thus worsening the situation.

Thirdly, as sunlight takes a long path to reach the poles, it has to deal with a greater number of atmospheric particles which results in more absorption and scattering of sunlight. Thus, less sunlight reaches the poles.

Lastly, snow at the poles reflects 75 to 95% of sunlight which is much more as compared to that reflected by the land around the equator.