What is a latent variable?

What is the difference between random variables that you can observe and that you cannot? The latter are also called latent or hidden. How do you represent them in Directed Graphical Models? Here are the notes: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cey...

Latent nodes introduce the problem of missing data. This results in more complicated likelihood calculations, for which we have to find a remedy in another video

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Timestamps:
0:00 Opening
0:18 Observable Nodes
2:27 Latent Nodes
4:00 Problem with latent nodes
5:24 Solution by Marginalization?