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0:00 Modern schools of psychology
14:19 Branches/Sub Fields of Psychology
20:43 Research Methods in Psychology
38:43 Summary
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General Psychology CHAPTER ONE ESSENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
Define psychology
Show historical roots of psychology as a science
Point out the goals of psychology
Identify early schools and modern perspectives of psychology
Discuss the basis of differences among perspectives of psychology
Identify subfields of psychology
Differentiate the major research methods in psychology
Explore the major steps of scientific research
Definition of Psychology and Related Concepts
1.2. Goals of Psychology
As a science, psychology has four goals; description, explanation, prediction, and control.
1.3. Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology
Psychology is a relatively new field in the realm of the sciences, only about 125 years old. It began as a science of its own in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, with the establishment of a psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt developed the technique of objective introspection to scientifically examine mental experiences.
1.3.1. Early schools of psychology
1.3.2. Modern schools of psychology
Biological Perspective- it focuses on studying how bodily events or functioning of the body affects behavior, feelings, and thoughts. It holds that the brain and the various brain chemicals affect psychological processes such as learning, performance, perception of reality, the experience of emotions, etc. This perspective underscores that biology and behavior interact in a complex way; biology affecting behavior and behavior in turn affecting biology.
It also emphasizes the idea that we are physical beings who evolved over a long time and that genetic heritage can predispose us to behaving in a certain way. In a manner that our eyebrows evolved to protect our eyes, we may have evolved certain kinds of behavior patterns to protect our bodies and ensure the survival of our species.
Branches/Sub Fields of Psychology
Personality Psychology – it focuses on the relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals. Personality psychologists study topics such as self-concept, aggression, moral development, etc.Social Psychology –deals with people‘s social interactions, relationships, social perception, and attitudes.
Cross-cultural Psychology - examines the role of culture in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. It compares the nature of psychological processes in different cultures, with a special interest in whether or not psychological phenomena are universal or culture-specific. Industrial psychology – applies psychological principles in industries and organizations to increase the productivity of that organization. Forensic psychology - applies psychological principles to improve the legal system (police, testimony, etc..).
Educational Psychology - concerned with the application of psychological principles and theories in improving the educational process including curriculum, teaching, and administration of academic programs.
Health Psychology - applies psychological principles to the prevention and treatment of physical illness and diseases.
Clinical Psychology:-is a field that applies psychological principles to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.
Counseling Psychology: - is a field having the same concern as clinical psychology but helps individuals with less severe problems than those treated by clinical psychologists.
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