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Tags for Rosa Luxemburg:
Marxist theorist
Revolutionary socialist
Anti-war activist
Polish-German
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
Spartacus League
Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
Democratic socialism
Internationalism
Anti-militarism
Critique of capitalism
Critique of imperialism
Theory of spontaneous revolution
Women's emancipation
Martyr of the German Revolution
Information about Rosa Luxemburg:
Rosa Luxemburg (born Rozalia Luksenburg on March 5, 1871, in Zamość, Russian-occupied Poland; died January 15, 1919, in Berlin, Germany) was a prominent Marxist theorist, revolutionary socialist, and anti-war activist of Polish-Jewish descent who became a key figure in the German socialist movement in the early 20th century.
Key aspects of her life and thought:
Early Life and Education: Born into a middle-class Jewish family, she became involved in underground revolutionary activities as a teenager. Facing imprisonment, she emigrated to Zürich, Switzerland, where she studied natural sciences and then economics, earning a doctorate in 1898. She was fluent in Polish, German, Russian, and French.
Political Career: In 1898, she moved to Berlin and became active in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). She quickly became a leading figure in the party's left wing, advocating for revolutionary change over gradual reform.
Theoretical Contributions: Luxemburg made significant contributions to Marxist theory. She critiqued Eduard Bernstein's revisionist ideas, arguing that capitalism would inevitably collapse and that revolution was necessary for socialist transformation. Her major works include "Reform or Revolution?" (1900) and "The Accumulation of Capital" (1913), where she analyzed imperialism as a necessary outcome of capitalist expansion.
Opposition to World War I: A staunch internationalist, Luxemburg vehemently opposed World War I, viewing it as a betrayal of working-class solidarity. She co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League with Karl Liebknecht.
The Spartacus Uprising and Assassination: Following the German Revolution in 1918, the Spartacus League formed the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In January 1919, they led an uprising in Berlin, which was brutally suppressed. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were arrested and murdered by right-wing paramilitary forces on January 15, 1919.
Political Views: Luxemburg was a strong advocate for democratic socialism and revolutionary mass action. While she supported the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, she critically analyzed Lenin's authoritarian tendencies, emphasizing the importance of freedom of speech, assembly, and the press even in a socialist state. She believed that socialist politics should emerge from the conscious and voluntary movement of the working class.
Legacy: Rosa Luxemburg remains an influential figure in socialist thought. She is remembered for her powerful critiques of capitalism and imperialism, her commitment to internationalism and democracy, and her unwavering dedication to revolutionary ideals. Her famous quote, "Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently," encapsulates her belief in the necessity of dissent for genuine freedom.