《清明上河圖》的作者是宋徽宗朝任朝翰林畫院畫史張擇端，也有一說作者不止張擇端一人，董其昌《容臺集》說：「乃南宋人追憶故京之盛，而寓清明繁盛之景，傳世者不一，以張擇端所作為佳。」「紹興初，故老閒坐，必談京師風物，聽之感慨有流涕者，故其時西北耆舊，談宣政故事者，為人所重。」甚至有人提出觀點說是南宋人懷念昔日強盛時期而作。宋徽宗酷愛此畫，用「瘦金體」在圖上題寫「清明上河圖」五字。
《清明上河圖》歷十年畫成，最早由北宋宮廷收藏，靖康之禍後流入民間，歷經輾轉，後為南宋賈似道所得，元朝時期再度進宮，至正年間又被調包，流落民間，明朝初期，由大理寺卿朱文徽、大學士徐溥收藏；徐溥臨終前贈予李東陽，嘉靖三年（1524年）圖歸兵部尚書陸完，陸完死後，其夫人將《清明上河圖》縫入枕中，後被娘家外甥王某曾臨摩此畫[2]。陸完之子將《清明上河圖》賣至崑山顧鼎臣家。後來落到宰相嚴嵩、嚴世蕃父子手上，明人田藝蘅《留青日札》載嚴嵩為得《清明上河圖》，以1,200百金從蘇州陸氏處購得，饞得其贗本，卒破數十家。嚴嵩倒臺，圖被沒收，第三次納入宮廷。經明代皇室收藏，後來太監馮保偷出，在畫上加了題跋，之後真本又不知去向。
清朝時由陸費墀保存，在上面矜印題跋。後由湖廣總督畢沅收藏，畢沅死後，《清明上河圖》第四次進宮，深藏紫禁城內。嘉慶帝命人將其收錄於《石渠寶笈·三編》一書之中。1924年曾被溥儀和兩幅仿作一起帶至東北，但溥儀也不知何者為真品。1945年被收入東北博物館（今遼寧省博物館）當成贗品處理，直至1950年冬天才由楊仁愷等人從庫房的贗品堆裡鑑定出真跡。現藏於北京故宮。
Moving of the Riverside Scene at Chingming Festival
The scroll is 25.5 centimeters (10.03 inches) in height and 5.25 meters (5.74 yards) long. In its length there are 814 humans, 28 boats, 60 animals, 30 buildings, 20 vehicles, nine sedan chairs, and 170 trees. The countryside and the densely populated city are the two main sections in the picture, with the river meandering through the entire length.
The right section is the rural area of the city. There are crop fields and unhurried rural folk—predominately farmers, goatherds, and pig herders—in bucolic scenery. A country path broadens into a road and joins with the city road.
The left half is the urban area, which eventually leads into the city proper with the gates. Many economic activities, such as people loading cargoes onto the boat, shops, and even a tax office, can be seen in this area. People from all walks of life are depicted: peddlers, jugglers, actors, paupers begging, monks asking for alms, fortune tellers and seers, doctors, innkeepers, teachers, millers, metalworkers, carpenters, masons, and official scholars from all ranks.
Outside the city proper (separated by the gate to the left), there are businesses of all kinds, selling wine, grain, secondhand goods, cookware, bows and arrows, lanterns, musical instruments, gold and silver, ornaments, dyed fabrics, paintings, medicine, needles, and artifacts, as well as many restaurants. The vendors (and in the Qing revision, the shops themselves) extend all along the great bridge, called the Rainbow Bridge ( Hong Qiao) or, more rarely, the Shangtu Bridge.
Where the great bridge crosses the river is the center and main focus of the scroll. A great commotion animates the people on the bridge. A boat approaches at an awkward angle with its mast not completely lowered, threatening to crash into the bridge. The crowds on the bridge and along the riverside are shouting and gesturing toward the boat. Someone near the apex of the bridge lowers a rope to the outstretched arms of the crew below.
In addition to the shops and diners, there are inns, temples, private residences, and official buildings varying in grandeur and style, from huts to mansions with grand front- and backyards.
People and commodities are transported by various modes: wheeled wagons, beasts of labor (in particular, a large number of donkeys and mules), sedan chairs, and chariots. The river is packed with fishing boats and passenger-carrying ferries, with men at the riverbank, pulling the larger ships.
Many of these details are roughly corroborated by Song dynasty writings, principally the Dongjing Meng Hua Lu, which describes many of the same features of life in the capital.
From: wikipedia
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