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A classic example of this is the ABO blood type system in humans.
Your blood type—A, B, AB, or O—is determined by antigens on your red blood cells.
Antigens act like labels or ID cards on cells, helping your immune system recognize which cells belong to your body (self) and which are invaders (foreign).
Group A? You’ve got A antigens.
Group B? You have B antigens.
Group AB? Lucky you—you have both A and B antigens.
Group O? You’ve got no antigens at all!
Now let’s talk about antibodies.
Your immune system makes antibodies, which act like security guards—they recognize foreign antigens and attack them to protect the body.
Type A has anti-B antibodies.
Type B has anti-A antibodies.
Type AB? No antibodies—you’re the universal recipient!
Type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies—so it can only receive from O, but can donate to anyone! That’s why O is the universal donor.
Conclusion:
The ABO blood group system is controlled by a single gene with three different alleles:
• Allele A,
• Allele B, and
• Allele O (also called i, the recessive form).
These multiple alleles combine in different ways to produce all four blood types.