Скачать или смотреть Introduction to Karl Marx

1. Historical Materialism
Marx argued that history is driven not by ideas or morals, but by material conditions—especially how societies produce and distribute resources. Changes in economic structure inevitably reshape politics, culture, and belief systems.

2. Class Struggle
Society is divided into classes with opposing interests, most notably between those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor. Political conflict, revolutions, and social change emerge from this ongoing struggle.

3. Alienation
Under capitalism, workers become alienated from their labor, the products they create, their own human potential, and one another. Work becomes something endured for survival rather than an expression of meaning or creativity.

4. Ideology and False Consciousness
Marx believed dominant ideas in society serve the interests of the ruling class while presenting themselves as neutral or natural. This masks exploitation and keeps oppressive systems stable by shaping how people understand reality itself.

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