Скачать или смотреть The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume 2: The High Tide of Prophecy Hegel and Marx

This book is by Karl Popper. It talks about two famous thinkers: Hegel and Marx. Popper wants to show how their ideas are dangerous for freedom and open societies.
What is an Open Society?

An open society is a place where people are free to think, speak, and choose for themselves. In an open society, people can question rules and change things if they are not fair. There is no one perfect answer for everyone. People learn from their mistakes and try to do better. Popper thinks open societies are good and help people live better lives.
What is the Enemy?

Popper says the enemy of an open society is something called “historicism.” Historicism is the idea that history moves in a certain way, like it follows a plan. Some people believe they know this plan and can control society to make it fit the plan. Popper thinks this is dangerous because it stops people from thinking for themselves.
Hegel’s Ideas

Hegel was a German thinker. He wrote about history, the state, and ideas. Hegel thought that history had a purpose and that it was moving forward for a reason. He believed that the state (the government) was very important and that people should obey it. Hegel said that the state is like a living thing that knows what is best.

Popper does not like Hegel’s ideas. He thinks Hegel’s writing is hard to understand on purpose. Popper says Hegel’s ideas help dictators. When people think the state is always right, they stop asking questions. This makes it easy for leaders to take too much power.
Marx’s Ideas

Marx was a German thinker too. He wrote about society, workers, and money. Marx believed that history moves through fights between classes, like workers and owners. Marx said that one day, workers will win, and there will be no rich or poor people. He wanted everyone to share things fairly.

Popper agrees that Marx cared about poor people. But Popper does not like how Marx used historicism. Marx thought he knew how history would end. He believed the future was set, and people could force it to happen.

Popper says this is dangerous. If leaders think they know the future, they may hurt people who disagree with them. They may think the ends (a perfect society) make it okay to use bad methods (violence, lies). Popper thinks this is wrong.
Problems with Prophecy

Popper says we cannot predict the future like Marx and Hegel tried to do. History does not have one plan. It changes in ways no one can fully know. People are free to make choices. Trying to force history to fit an idea hurts freedom and can lead to bad results, like dictatorships.
Science vs. Historicism

Popper explains that science works by testing ideas and seeing if they are wrong. Science learns from mistakes. Historicism does not do this. It just says things will happen because “history says so.” Popper says we should treat politics more like science: try things, check if they work, and change them if needed.
Open Society Values

Popper thinks open societies need:

Freedom: People should be free to think, speak, and choose.

Change: Rules and leaders can be changed if they are not good.

Critical Thinking: People should ask questions and not believe anyone who says they have all the answers.

Tolerance: People should respect different views.

Conclusion

Popper warns that ideas like Hegel’s and Marx’s can be dangerous. They make people trust big plans and leaders too much. This can lead to less freedom and more control by the state. Popper wants us to keep societies open, where people can question, test, and change things.