Glucose Transporters (GLUTs and SGLTs) : Sodium dependent, Sodium independent and Diatery fibres

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Glucose Transporters (GLUTs and SGLTs) : Sodium dependent, Sodium independent and Diatery fibres

Glucose is a key energy source for most living cells. Due to its polar nature and large size, glucose molecules cannot traverse the lipid membrane of the cell by simple diffusion. Instead, the entry of glucose molecules into the cells is effected by a large family of structurally related transport proteins known as glucose transporters. Two main types of glucose transporters have been identified, namely, sodium–glucose linked transporters (SGLTs) and facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUTs).

Sodium–glucose linked transporter-1 (SGLT1) was the first SGLT to be discovered and extensively studied. It comprises 14 transmembrane helices of which both the COOH and NH2 terminals face the extracellular space. All members of the SGLT family are 60- to 80-kDa proteins containing 580–718 amino acids.

GLUTs are proteins comprising 12 membrane-spanning regions with intracellularly located amino and carboxyl terminals. The amino acid sequence of GLUT proteins has been found to show 28–65 % identity against GLUT 1. Based on this and multiple sequence alignment studies, three subclasses (Class I, II and III) of facilitative transporters have been identified.

Sodium–glucose linked transporters symport (transport in the same direction) glucose in conjunction with sodium ions. SGLTs do not directly utilize ATP to transport glucose against its concentration gradient; rather, they must rely on the sodium concentration gradient generated by the sodium–potassium ATPase as a source of chemical potential. SGLTs are present on the luminal surfaces of cells lining the small intestine where they absorb glucose from dietary sources. They are also found in renal tubules where they facilitate the re-absorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate.

What is dietary fiber ?
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Dietary fiber, also known as roughage or bulk, includes the parts of plant foods your body can't digest or absorb. Unlike other food components, such as fats, proteins or carbohydrates — which your body breaks down and absorbs — fiber isn't digested by your body. Instead, it passes relatively intact through your stomach, small intestine and colon and out of your body.

Fiber is commonly classified as soluble, which dissolves in water, or insoluble, which doesn't dissolve.

Soluble fiber. This type of fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material. It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Soluble fiber is found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley and psyllium.
Insoluble fiber. This type of fiber promotes the movement of material through your digestive system and increases stool bulk, so it can be of benefit to those who struggle with constipation or irregular stools. Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans and vegetables, such as cauliflower, green beans and potatoes, are good sources of insoluble fiber.
The amount of soluble and insoluble fiber varies in different plant foods. To receive the greatest health benefit, eat a wide variety of high-fiber foods.

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