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Astronomers began to make use of two new techniques—spectroscopy and photography. 
We can say that was likely the birth of Astrophysics.
But what' s spectroscopy? And what's exactly astrophysics?
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Astrophysics is a science that uses methods and principles, or we could say THE POWER of physics with the aim of studying astronomical objects and phenomena.
Of course, among the subjects studied are the Sun, other stars, and galaxies.
But astrophysics also studies extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium, and the cosmic microwave background.
Astrophysics is a very broad subject, and it applies concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. 
We said that astrophysicists study the spectrum of celestial objects. But what exactly is a spectrum? 
When a black body is at a uniform temperature, its emission has a characteristic frequency distribution that depends on the temperature. Its emission is called black-body radiation.
In 1900, Max Planck derived a formula for the observed spectrum of a black body.
The Planckian function is a function of only the frequency of the radiation and the body's temperature.
A typical Planckian function looks like this:
What's Spectroscopy?

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation.
In fact, spectroscopy provides us with positions of stars and gas clouds (for example, with the help of spectroscopy we can understand better the spatial distribution of star in our galaxy!)
Also, using the so-called virial theorem
Redshift and blueshift describe how light shifts toward shorter or longer wavelengths as objects in space (such as stars or galaxies) move closer or farther away from us.

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Credits: Ron Miller
Credits: Mark A. Garlick / MarkGarlick.com
Credits: Nasa/Shutterstock/Storyblocks/Elon Musk/SpaceX/ESA/ESO
Credits: Flickr

Video Chapters:
00:00 Introduction
01:14 What is Astrophysics
05:40 What is Spectroscooy

#insanecuriosity #astrophysics #spectroscopy