Cross sea (squared sea or square waves)

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A cross sea (also referred to as a squared sea or square waves) is a sea state of wind-generated ocean waves that form nonparallel wave systems. Cross seas have a large amount of directional spreading.[1] This may occur when water waves from one weather system continue despite a shift in wind. Waves generated by the new wind run at an angle to the old.

Two weather systems that are far from each other may create a cross sea when the waves from the systems meet at a place far from either weather system. Until the older waves have dissipated, they create a perilous sea hazard.

This sea state is fairly common and a large percentage of ship accidents have been found to occur in this state.[2] Vessels fare better against large waves when perpendicular to the waves. In a cross sea, vessels are more likely to be struck in a dangerous way.[3]

A cross swell is generated when the wave systems are longer-period swell, rather than short-period wind-generated waves.